Advanced

Stress Distribution In Soil Displacements in soil occur from stresses applied by loading forces. The distribution of stress in soil should be known for realistic estimates of displacements caused by applied loads on the supporting soil. The following methods may be used to estimate the stress distribution of soil for an applied load Q at the center…

Protection Of Masonry During Construction It is necessary to protect masonry during construction when the mortar is green or when masonry has not been laterally supported, against damage due to rain, frost, storm, etc. It is also necessary to protect some vulnerable parts of masonry such as jambs, corners and sills and expose masonry, during…

The Basic Properties Of Heat-Insulating Material In architecture, the material which prevents the outflow of indoor heat is normally called adiabator. On the other hand, the material which prevents the inflow of outdoor heat is called heat insulator. These two are collectively called heat-insulating materials. This kind of material is mainly used for walls, ceilings,…

Defects in brickwork EFFECTS OF WORKMANSHIP ON MASONRY STRENGTH Masonry has a very long tradition of building by craftsmen, without engineering supervision of the kind applied to reinforced concrete construction. Consequently, it is frequently regarded with some suspicion as a structural material and carries very much higher safety factors than concrete. There is, of course,…

Air entrained concrete A major advance in concrete technology in recent years is the introduction of tiny disconnected air bubbles into concrete called air entrainment. Air entrained concrete results from using either an air-entraining cement or an air-entraining admixture during mixing. Adding entrained air to concrete provides important benefits in both plastic and hardened concrete,…

PLASTERING                        plastering The following topics are covered in this post. 1.      What is plastering? 2.      What are the requirements of good plaster? 3.      Different types of mortars for plastering 4.      Number of coats of plastering 5.      How to preparation of background before plastering? 6.      What are the recommended mortars mixes for different situation? 7.      What are the defects in plastering? WHAT IS…

Factors affecting choice of concrete for a structure The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. 1. ECONOMY Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall cost of the structure. This is, of course, a function of…

Earth Excavation Checklist                                         excavation checklist The following checklist should be used as a guide for better quality control over earth excavation. (1) Prior to the start of excavation operations, take photographs of the construction area, make sure that sufficient cross—sections are taken, and continue to take progress photographs during construction. (2) Review the log of…

Suitability Of Water For Concrete Mixing OBJECTIVE To assess suitability of water for use in concrete mix. EQUIPMENT §  Measuring cylinder §  Cube moulds §  Trowel §  Tamping rod §  Vibrating table §  Testing machine PROCEDURE 1.      Analyse water for its chemical compositions as per IS 3025-1964 and compare these with permissible limits given in IS: 456-2000. 2.      In case water does not satisfy the permissible limits or…

Scaffolds and ladders 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.      Where work cannot safely be done on or from the ground or from part of a building or other permanent structure, a safe and suitable scaffold should be provided and maintained or other equally safe and suitable provision should be made. 2.      Scaffolds should be provided with safe means of access,…