FLOOR SLABS Treatments for conventional flat slab design are as follows: 1. More attention must be paid to the design and detailing of exterior bays and lower floors, which are the most susceptible to blast loads. 2. In exterior bays/lower floors, drop panels and column capitols are required to shorten the effective slab length and…
ABSTRACT: All western democracies are now acutely aware of the apocalyptic consequences of a well-orchestrated attack on high-profile government facilities and other related targets. Many of these buildings are historical, ornate, listed and constructed using traditional techniques. Many of the modern retrofitted reinforcement techniques used to protect these structures against terrorist attacks are unsightly, intrusive…
A.Duty to provide fall protection – Where employees are required or allowed to walk or work while performing assigned tasks on a shall guard by a standard railing or the equivalent, every open-sided floor or platform 4 feet (1.2m) or more above adjacent floor or ground level on all open sides except where there is entrance to a…
Principle of planning involves planning for meeting the following requirements also: 1. Sanitary convenience 2. Prospects 3. Elegance 4. Flexibility 5. Privacy 6. Resistance to fire 7. Sound insulation 8. Protection from termite 9. Security against burglary 10. Economy 11. Provisions for future alterations. 1. Sanitary Convenience: Sanitary conveniences include provision of bathrooms, lavatories,urinals etc. Provision of these…
Principles of planning for suitable utility are: 1. Roominess 2. Furniture Requirements 3. Groupings 4. Circulation. 1. Roominess: It refers to suitable proportioning of length, width and height of rooms in the building to get maximum benefit from the minimum dimensions. Length to width ratio should be 1.2 to 1.5. If it is nearly square lot…
Orientation means setting out the plan of the building with respect to north-south and east-west directions to provide an opportunity to user to enjoy sun-shine and breeze when required and to avoid the same whenever not required. This is also known as planning the aspect of a building. Aspect means arrangement of doors, windows in…
A building should be planned in such a manner that it gives maximum day lighting, ventilation and heat insulation. If these requirements are fulfilled, requirement of electric energy comes down. (a) Light: Natural light provides hygenic atmosphere. Light should not be glaring but it should be uniformly distributed. Providing windows and ventilators of appropriate size at suitable positions…
All buildings should be properly planned, keeping in view the various requirements of a good building. Except strength requirement, all other requirements of a good buildings are taken care at the stage of planning. Strength requirement is taken care during structural design of building components. However in planning the building by-laws of the statutory authorities…
The planning and construction of a building should be aimed at fulfilling the following requirements: 1. Strength and stability 2. Dimensional stability 3. Resistance to dampness 4. Resistance to fire 5. Heat insulation 6. Sound insulation 7. Protection against termite attack 8. Durability 9. Security against burglary 10. Lighting and ventilation 11. Comforts and convenience…
ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING The following are the basic elements of a building: 1. Foundation 2. Plinth 3. Walls and columns 4. Sills, lintels and chejjas 5. Doors and windows 6. Floors 7. Roofs 8. Steps, stairs and lifts 9. Finishing work 10. Building services. The functions of these elements and the main requirement of them…