Underground tunnels are engineering marvels that connect cities, transport people and goods, and even house utilities. But how do engineers build tunnels beneath rivers, mountains, and urban landscapes without them collapsing? Let’s explore the fascinating science behind tunnel construction! 🚧🔬 1. Why Build Underground? 🌍🏗️ Tunnels offer unique advantages over surface roads and bridges: ✅…
A crane is a lifting machine that principally works with the use of pulleys and cables. For the construction industry, cranes are valuable assets because they make working with heavy machinery and construction materials easy. The invention of cranes made things easy for humankind because without them, loading, unloading, and lifting had to be done…
Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix proportion…
Air entrained concrete has microscopic air bubbles in the concrete. Air bubbles provide durability for concrete exposed to freezing and thawing. These air bubbles help to improve the workability of the concrete and reduce the slump. Concrete entrained air testing is a must to maintain quality. The Advantage of Air Entrained Concrete Air entrainment is the…
Air entrained concrete A major advance in concrete technology in recent years is the introduction of tiny disconnected air bubbles into concrete called air entrainment. Air entrained concrete results from using either an air-entraining cement or an air-entraining admixture during mixing. Adding entrained air to concrete provides important benefits in both plastic and hardened concrete,…
Needle Vibrator Needle type concrete vibrator These concrete vibrators are also referred to as poker or immersion vibrator. These are extensively used in building industry. A needle vibrator consists of a cylindrical casing made of steel and is vibrated by means of a flexible drive with an outer tube run from an operating machine which…
Asphalt shingles can be placed effectively over the existing roof. Nevertheless, it is recommended that if the existing roof layers exceed three, the old roofing structure is removed totally before fixing new shingles. Roof defects include thermal tearing, loss of granules, and curling. Basics of Asphalt Roofing Shingles Asphalt shingles are basically a roofing material…
Crushers are being used in the construction industry since the ancient history. Hydraulic crushers have been developed with a greater speed of crushing. Devices have been incorporated that prevent large size materials from entering the crusher. Basics of Crushers A construction crusher signifies a piece of equipment that is intended to reduce the size of…
Determine splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens OBJECTIVE: This method covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens Theory: Age at Test – Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strengths,…
Factors affecting choice of concrete for a structure The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. 1. ECONOMY Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall cost of the structure. This is, of course, a function of…