Hydrology is the study of the properties, quality, distribution, and movement of water at and near the earth’s surface. This science includes the study of groundwater and surface water management, natural water movement in the water cycle, watershed characteristics, and storm water management. The Water Cycle – Natural Water Movement The word hydrology means literally,…
A water cycle diagram, as given in this article, helps to answer the question, ‘How does the water cycle work?’ The steps of the water cycle, like rainfall, evaporation, and transpiration, make up the natural water circulation system known as the water cycle that continuously generates fresh water. Movement of Water Through the Steps of the Water…
Download spreadsheets with Excel formulas to make Parshall flume open channel flow measurement calculations. These have been built into the Excel spreadsheets for free flow and submerged flow with U.S. units or S.I. units. Background The Parshall flume is an open channel flow measurement device that is well suited for flows containing suspended solids because it tends to be…
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But it can be transformed from one from to another. This energy can also be stored in a device or equipment, so that it can be used in the other form. Have you ever wondered how hydraulic energy is stored? Here’s how. Introduction: “Energy can neither be…
The Manning equation is an empirical equation for uniform open channel flow. It can be used for water flow rate calculations in either man made or natural open channels. Water flow calculation with the Manning equation uses the channel slope, hydraulic radius, and Manning roughness coefficient. Introduction A common use of the Manning Equation is…
Storm water detention ponds capture storm water runoff and release it at a rate slower than the pre-development peak storm water runoff rate. The decrease in watershed time of concentration and increase in runoff coefficient create the need for a storm water detention or retention pond. Introduction Even a watershed in its natural, undeveloped state…
Excel formulas to calculate water flow rates for pipe sizes (diameters and lengths) can be downloaded as Excel templates in this article. The Hazen Williams formula is used for water flow rate calculations. Either S.I. units or U.S. units can be used in the Excel spreadsheet templates. Limitations on the Hazen Williams Formula for Water…
Use the Excel formulas in the templates included with this article to compute the hydraulic portion for storm water drainage in a storm sewer design. Storm Sewer Hydraulic Design The Excel template that can be downloaded from this article is useful for making the hydraulic portion of storm sewer design calculations between any pair of…
Excel templates can be downloaded to use Excel formulas for venturi meter, orifice flow meter and ideal gas law calculations. The Excel formulas calculate pipe flow rates for venturi and orifice flow meters, gas density with the ideal gas law, and orifice coefficient with the ISO 5167 equation. Orifice and Venturi Meter Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet Formulas Excel spreadsheet formulas can…
Membrane filtration is considered very efficient and is often used in addition to slow sand filtration and other methods to ensure the quality of drinking water. A filter is a porous barrier that allows water to pass through it. The efficiency of a filter depends on the size of the pores, which in turn is…