Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and…

The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling…

The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments.…

The following terms are used in direct method of levelling: (i) Plane of Collimation: It is…

The following methods are used to determine the difference in elevation of various points: (i)…

Elevation measurements Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling.…

Advantages are                                                            1. Possibility of omitting measurement is eliminated. 2. The surveyor can compare the…

The errors may be grouped into the instrumental and personal errors. Instrumental Errors 1. The…

The following four methods are available for carrying out plane table survey: 1. Radiation 2.…

The most commonly used plane table It consists of a well-seasoned wooden table Top mounted on a…