A freely suspended and properly balanced magnetic needle is expected to show magnetic meridian.However, local objects like electric wires and objects of steel attract magnetic needle towards themselves.Thus, needle is forced to show slightly different direction. This disturbance is called local attraction. The list of materials which cause local attraction are: (i) magnetic rock or iron ore, (ii) steel structures, iron…
The magnetic meridian and the true meridian may not coincide with each other in a place. The horizontal angle between these two meridians is known as magnetic declination. The magnetic north at a place may be towards east or west of true north . If it is towards east, it is known as eastern or +ve declination. Western…
To take a reading from a compass, the following temporary adjustments are required: (i) Centring: The compass should be fixed to the stand and set over the station. To centre the compass legs of the tripod stand should be moved inward-outward or in a circumferential direction. To check centring plumb may be used or a pebble…
The types of compass that are used commonly are: (i) prismatic compass; and (ii) surveyor compass. The essential parts of both type are: (i) A magnetic needle, (ii) A graduated circle, (iii) A line of sight, and (iv) A box to house them. There are some differences in the essential parts of the two type of…
Disadvantage of chain surveying is that, in it only distances are measured and hence area is to be covered with a network of triangles. If the length as well as angle of a line can be measured with respect to a known direction then it is possible to plot a line, independent of length of…
The following five corrections may be found for the measured lengths of tape: (i) Corrections for absolute length (ii) Corrections for pull (iii) Corrections for temperature (iv) Corrections for slope and (v) Corrections for sag.
Errors in chaining may be classified as: (i) Personal errors (ii) Compensating errors, and (iii) Cumulating errors. Personal Errors Wrong reading, wrong recording, reading from wrong end of chain etc., are personal errors. These errors are serious errors and cannot be detected easily. Care should be taken to avoid such errors. Compensating Errors These errors…
When a survey line is longer than a chain length, it is necessary to align intermediate points on chain line so that the measurements are along the line. The process of locating intermediate points on survey line is known as ranging. There are two methods of ranging viz., direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct Ranging…
As soon as the survey party arrives in the field the following details are entered in the field book: (i) Title of the survey work (ii) The date of survey (iii) The names of the members of the party. The field work may be divided into the following: (i) Reconnaissance survey. (ii) Marking stations, drawing…
All observations and measurements taken during chain surveying are to be recorded in a standard field book. It is a oblong book of size 200 mm × 120 mm, which can be carried in the pocket. There are two forms of the book (i) single line and (ii) double line. The pages of a single book are…