Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum…

Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles…

Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should be centered on…

Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of…

Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and…

The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling…

The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments.…

The following terms are used in direct method of levelling: (i) Plane of Collimation: It is…

The following methods are used to determine the difference in elevation of various points: (i)…

Elevation measurements Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling.…