Introduction This chapter is designed to introduce you to the various surveying techniques used to…

To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary to adjust each…

Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured as a spatial…

The equipment used in the levelling process comprises optical levels and graduated staffs. Basically, the…

In order to make OD accessible to all users throughout the country, a series of…

INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the elevation of points…

The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor may be likened…

It should now be apparent that position fixing simply involves the measurement of angles and…

The system most commonly used for the definition of units of measurement, for example of…

In surveying nothing is ever absolutely certain. The product of surveying may be thought of…