As a first example a concrete floor of an excavation is considered. Such structures are…

In the previous chapter it has been seen that under certain conditions the effective stresses…

Permeability test In the previous chapter Darcy’s law for the flow of a fluid through…

The hydrostatic distribution of pore pressures is valid when the groundwater is at rest. When…

Hydrostatics As already mentioned in earlier chapters, the stress distribution in groundwater at rest follows…

Vertical stresses In many places on earth the soil consists of practically horizontal layers. If…

On an element of soil normal stresses as well as shear stresses may act. The…

Stresses As in other materials, stresses may act in soils as a result of an…

For the description of the density and the volumetric weight of a soil, the densities…

Porosity Soils usually consist of particles, water and air. In order to describe a soil…