Weight Calculator Standard conversion factors INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE FOOT = 0.3048 METRE YARD = 0.9144 METRE MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE CELSIUS MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH METRE = 3.2808FOOT METRE = 1.0936YARD 1) MILD STEEL (MS) SHEET WEIGHT (KGS) =…
Contouring needs the determination of elevation of various points on the ground and at the same the horizontal positions of those points should be fixed. To exercise vertical control levelling work is carried out and simultaneously to exercise horizontal control chain survey or compass survey or plane table survey is to be carried out. If the…
MAPPING After completing field work in chain survey and compass survey lot of office work is involved to prepare the plan of the area surveyed. In plane table survey office work is less. The office work involved consist of 1. Applying necessary corrections to measurements 2. Drawing index plan 3. Selecting scale 4. Selecting orientation…
It is combination of EDM instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of object to the instrument. Microprocessor unit processes the data collected to compute: 1. Average of multiple angles…
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum of an electromagnetic wave Among these waves microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves are useful for the distance measurement. In EDM instruments these waves are generated, modulated and then propagated. They are reflected at the point up to which…
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles and angle of depression as –ve angles. To measure vertical angle the following procedure may be followed: 1. Complete all temporary adjustment at the required station. 2. Take up levelling of the instrument with respect to altitude level provided on the…
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should be centered on the desired station point, levelled and telescope is focussed. This process of cantering, levelling and focussing is called temporary adjustment of the instrument. 1. Set the theodolite at Q with vertical circle to the left of the line of sight…
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of such theodolite. Main parts of such a theodolite are: 1. Telescope: A telescope is mounted on a horizontal axis (trunnion axis) hence it can rotate in vertical plane. Its length varies from 100 mm 175 mm and its diameter is 38…
Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and vertical angles. If telescope is kept at zero reading of vertical angle it serves as an ordinary level. In this modern era of electronics equipments have come up to measure the distances to relieve surveyor from chaining long lines. Total station is…
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling (iii) Fly levelling (iv) Profile levelling (v) Cross sectioning (vi) Reciprocal levelling. Simple Levelling It is the method used for finding difference between the levels of two nearby points. Differential Levelling If the distance between two points A and B is large,…