It is a light weight concrete produced by introducing large voids in the concrete or mortar. Its density varies from 3 kN/m3 to 8 kN/m3 whereas plain concrete density is 24 kN/m3. It is also known as aerated,foamed or gas concrete.Properties of cellular concrete: It has the following properties: 1. It has low weight. 2. It has good fire resistance. 3. It…
Various bases are considered for the classification of timbers. The following are the important basis: (i) Mode of growth (ii) Modulus of elasticity (iii) Durability (iv) Grading (v) Availability. (i) Classification Based on Mode of Growth: On the basis of mode of growth trees are classified as (a) Exogeneous and (b) Endogeneous (a) Exogeneous Trees: These trees grow outward by…
Water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems…
Bricks are used in the following civil works: (i) As building blocks. (ii) For lining of ovens, furnaces and chimneys. (iii) For protecting steel columns from fire. (iv) As aggregates in providing water proofing to R.C.C. roofs. (v) For pavers for footpaths and cycle tracks. (vi) For lining sewer lines.
Types of Bonds The bricks being uniform in size can be arranged in a variety of ways. The following are the various types of bonds used in brick masonry : Stretcher Bond. Stretcher bond In this type of Bond all the bricks are laid as stretchers, that is length wise, as shown in Fig. 2.29….
Aggregates form the major portion of the pavement structure. Bear stresses occurring on the roads and have to resist wear due to abrasive action of traffic. Aggregates are also used in flexible as well as in rigid pavements. Therefore, the properties of aggregates are of considerable importance to highway. Desirable Properties of Road Aggregates Strength…
Schmertmann (1978) proposed the soil profiling chart shown in Fig. 2.4A. The chart is based on results from mechanical cone data in “North Central Florida” and also incorporates Begemann’s CPT data. The chart indicates envelopes of zones of common soil type. It also presents boundaries for density of sands and consistency (undrained shear strength) of…
In the present world, Infrastructural projects are booming at a very fast pace. For the speedy and safer execution of such projects like construction of roads and highways, vertical civil structures, there is a huge demand of geosynthetics. To counter these issues a number of ground improvement techniques and material are in practice. Geosynthetics have…
Crane accidents can be caused by mechanical failures or human failures in the operations of the cranes. Even the mechanical failures can be a result of improper supervision or maintenance and all point to lack of training and required attention to crane operations by field managers. The Need for Cranes and the Risks Involved Cranes…
For the description of the density and the volumetric weight of a soil, the densities of the various components are needed. The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of that substance. For water this is denoted by ρw, and its value is about 1000 kg/m3 . Small deviations from this value…