Materials for Damp Proof Course (DPC): An effective damp proofing material should have the following properties; 1. It should be impervious. 2. It should be strong and durable, and should be capable of withstanding both dead as well as live loads without damage. 3. It should be dimensionally stable. 4. It should be free from…
Before taking up equilibrium conditions of a body, it is necessary to identify the various forces acting on it. The various forces acting on a body may be grouped into: (a) Applied Forces (b) Non-applied Forces (a) Applied Forces These are the forces applied externally to a body. Each of the forces is having contact…
Kinematical analysis of a structure can also be done using the static equations. The following criteria for instantaneously changeable systems may be used: (a) Load has finite quantity but the internal forces have infinite values (b) Load is absent and the internal forces are uncertain (type of 0/0) Let us discuss these criteria for structure…
The health risks involved in asbestos has led to its being removed and replaced. There are persons and organizations specialized in asbestos abatement procedures. Even this asbestos abatement exposure does lead to health risks and requires companies to follow EPA guidelines. Asbestos Related Health Problems Led to Asbestos Abatement Asbestos is a group of minerals…
Whatever the nature of the proposed highway system under consideration, be it a new motorway to link two cities or a network of highway improvements within an urban centre, and whatever planning strategy the decision-makers are adopting (assuming that the strategy involves, to some extent, the construction of new/upgraded roadways), a study must be carried…
Minimising defects in plastering work Defects in plastering work can be minimised by following the below mentioned techniques. The brick and plastering work should be carried out by skilled masons in the best workmanship manner. Bond of brick work should be properly maintained. Efflorescence is removed by rubbing brushes on the damaged surface. A solution of…
Foundation design There are, in foundation design, a number of practical construction problems and costs to be considered. The chief ones are: 1. The foundations should be kept as shallow as possible, commensurate with climatic effects on, and strength of, the surface soil; particularly in waterlogged ground. Excavation in seriously waterlogged ground can be expensive and…
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling (iii) Fly levelling (iv) Profile levelling (v) Cross sectioning (vi) Reciprocal levelling. Simple Levelling It is the method used for finding difference between the levels of two nearby points. Differential Levelling If the distance between two points A and B is large,…
Lateral measurements to chain lines for locating ground features are known as offsets. For this purpose perpendicular or oblique offsets may be taken . If the object to be located (say road) is curved more number of offsets should be taken. For measuring offsets tapes are commonly used. For setting perpendicular offsets any one of the following…
Needle Vibrator Needle type concrete vibrator These concrete vibrators are also referred to as poker or immersion vibrator. These are extensively used in building industry. A needle vibrator consists of a cylindrical casing made of steel and is vibrated by means of a flexible drive with an outer tube run from an operating machine which…