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ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum…
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Measurement of Vertical Angle
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles…
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Use of Theodolite
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should be centered on…
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Parts of a Vernier Theodolite
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of…
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Modern Tools of Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and…
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TYPES OF DIRECT LEVELLING
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling…
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TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A LEVEL
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments.…
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TERMS USED IN DIRECT METHOD OF LEVELLING
The following terms are used in direct method of levelling: (i) Plane of Collimation: It is…
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METHODS OF LEVELLING
The following methods are used to determine the difference in elevation of various points: (i)…
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Level and Levelling
Elevation measurements Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling.…