Plastering Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix…
The arches are widely used in modern engineering. Arches permit to cover a larger span. The greater is the span than an arch becomes more economical than a truss. From aesthetic point of view the arches are more attractive than trusses. Materials of the modern arches are concrete, steel, and wood. The body of the…
Low Cost Housing is a new concept which deals with effective budgeting and following of techniques which help in reducing the cost construction through the use of locally available materials along with improved skills and technology without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure. There is huge misconception that low cost housing is…
Joining individual and assembled elements together is the bread and butter of structural engineering. A crucial part in many of these joined elements are fasteners: bolts, screws, rivets, welds, clamps, nails, and even adhesives can play a vital role. Ignorance Is Bliss Keeping load bearing assemblies together is the role of structural fasteners. Using the…
The structural health of bridges need constant monitoring to prevent collapses that can be sudden and disastrous. Distances and the number of such bridges require a lot of time, money, and labor for any such monitoring to be feasible. Wireless bridge monitoring solves these problems fairly easily. Bridges form an essential part of any road or rail…
Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is…
There are several kinds of door styles and materials that are being used for modern houses. The door selection is influenced by the type and style of building where they will be fitted. The major door materials are wood, fiberglass, and steel. However, the external door has a special significance. Door Basics The original doors…
Pressure Head Manometers A manometer (or liquid gauge) is a pressure measurement device which uses the relationship between pressure and head to give readings. In the following, we wish to measure the pressure of a fluid in a pipe. Piezometer This is the simplest gauge. A small vertical tube is connected to the pipe and…
SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT: The environment consists of four segments of the earth namely atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere: 1. Atmosphere: The Atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thick around the earth. A blanket of gases called the atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects the surface of earth from the Sun’s harmful, ultraviolet…
To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary to adjust each measured bay to its final horizontal equivalent as follows. Standardization During a period of use, a tape will gradually alter in length for a variety of reasons. The amount of change can be found by having the tape standardized at…