Base Isolation also protects non-structural elements and instruments by lessening the entire structure’s speed during an earthquake, as opposed to toning alone. There are a diversity of isolation methods and devices available. Types of base isolation systems There are two basic types of isolation systems; one that uses elastomeric bearings and the other uses sliding…
Protection Of Masonry During Construction It is necessary to protect masonry during construction when the mortar is green or when masonry has not been laterally supported, against damage due to rain, frost, storm, etc. It is also necessary to protect some vulnerable parts of masonry such as jambs, corners and sills and expose masonry, during…
Cement content in any concrete has a direct relation to the strength of the concrete, its durability and impermeability. For tests for cement content and other forms of concrete testing, standards have been laid down which need to be adhered to by civil engineers. The Importance of Cement Content for Structural Strength of Concrete Cement content…
Principles Of Statics The statics is based on the following principles of mechanics: 1. Newton’s laws of mechanics 2. Law of transmissibility 3. Parallelogram law of forces 4. Principles of physical independence 5. Principles of superposition. Newton’s Laws of Mechanics As already discussed in first chapter, Newton’s first law gave definition of the force and…
Wall, structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. In traditional masonry construction, walls supported the weight of floors and roofs, but modern steel and reinforced concrete frames, as well as heavy timber and other skeletal structures, require exterior walls only for shelter and sometimes dispense with them on the…
Types of loads External loads on a structure may be classified in several different ways. In one classification, they may be considered as static or dynamic. 1. Static loads are forces that are applied slowly and then remain nearly constant. 2. One example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof system. 3. Dynamic loads vary with…
Suitability Of Water For Concrete Mixing OBJECTIVE To assess suitability of water for use in concrete mix. EQUIPMENT § Measuring cylinder § Cube moulds § Trowel § Tamping rod § Vibrating table § Testing machine PROCEDURE 1. Analyse water for its chemical compositions as per IS 3025-1964 and compare these with permissible limits given in IS: 456-2000. 2. In case water does not satisfy the permissible limits or…
In many problems, it is essential to isolate the body under consideration from the other bodies in contact and draw all the forces acting on the body. For this, first the body is drawn and then applied forces, selfweight and the reactions at the points of contact with other bodies are drawn. Such a diagram…
Determine splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens OBJECTIVE: This method covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens Theory: Age at Test – Tests shall be made at recognized ages of the test specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Where it may be necessary to obtain the early strengths,…
A point is simply a space location of infinitesimal size. It may represent the corner of an object, the intersection of two lines or a designated spot in space. The projection obtained on vertical plane VP is called the elevation and on horizontal plane HP, the plan. The intersection line of the vertical plane and…