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INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAINING
The following instruments are required for measurements with chain and tape: (i) Arrows (ii) Pegs…
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Measurement with Chains or Tapes
Measurement of distances using chain or tape is termed as chaining. This is the accurate…
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Linear Measurements and Chain Surveying
All the distances required for making a plan are the horizontal distances. Hence in the…
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
In 1960 System International (SI units) unit was approved by the conference of weights and…
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PLANS AND MAPS
As stated in the definition of surveying the objective of measurements is to show relative…
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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
To get accurate results in surveying one should follow the following fundamental principles: (i) Work…
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PRIMARY DIVISIONS IN SURVEYING
The earth is an oblate spheroid, length of equatorial axis being 12756.75 km and polar…
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OBJECT AND USES OF SURVEYING
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative positions of various…
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Introduction to Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground…