In this chapter general meaning of stress is explained. Expressions for stresses and strains is derived with the following assumptions: 1. For the range of forces applied the material is elastic i.e. it can regain its original shape and size, if the applied force is removed. 2. Material is homogeneous i.e. every particle of the…
Storm water detention ponds capture storm water runoff and release it at a rate slower than the pre-development peak storm water runoff rate. The decrease in watershed time of concentration and increase in runoff coefficient create the need for a storm water detention or retention pond. Introduction Even a watershed in its natural, undeveloped state…
All languages describe “clay”, “sand”, “gravel”, etc., which are terms primarily based on grain size. In the very beginning of the 20th century, Atterberg, a Swedish scientist and agriculturalist, proposed a classification system based on specific grain sizes. With minor modifications, the Atterberg system is still used and are the basis of the International Geotechnical…
There are several kinds of door styles and materials that are being used for modern houses. The door selection is influenced by the type and style of building where they will be fitted. The major door materials are wood, fiberglass, and steel. However, the external door has a special significance. Door Basics The original doors…
Wall, structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. In traditional masonry construction, walls supported the weight of floors and roofs, but modern steel and reinforced concrete frames, as well as heavy timber and other skeletal structures, require exterior walls only for shelter and sometimes dispense with them on the…
You can see the results of the work of Elbert Dysart Botts on most modern highways throughout the world. They are the raised reflective pavement markers, or Botts’ dots, that are used as highway markers for warning drivers. Dr. Botts and Botts’ Dots Dr. Elbert Dysart Botts worked with the California Department of Transportation or Caltrans where he oversaw research concerned with road markings…
Canals and inland waterways, natural or artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage. Despite modern technological advances in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to fill a vital role and, in many areas, to grow substantially. This article traces the history of canal building from the earliest times to the present day and describes both…
Structural analysis is an important subject of civil engineering that evaluates the different loads on structures, and their effects. It is an accurate method to ascertain the capability of the structures to withstand the expected loads, and assist in designing the structures accordingly. What Is Structural Analysis Structural analysis is a comprehensive assessment to ensure…
Training in any area of the construction industry requires a high-level of hands-on training and technical skills. The work completed inside programs provided by construction training providers covers professional work in depth to prepare students to enter careers in as little as six months. Construction Training Options The field of construction offers opportunities in building,…
Site Exploration Program The knowledge about the site forms a vital role in the safe and economic development of a site. A thorough investigation of the site is an essential preliminary to the construction of any civil engineering works. Public building officials may require soil data together with the recommendations of the geotechnical consultant prior…
