Roof finishing accessories include all types of accessory materials that are used to finish a roof. Flashing, drip edge, and roof drains are all examples of roofing accessories. Roof finishing accessories are widely available for a range of applications and may be chosen for functional, aesthetic, or budgetary reasons. Roofing accessories are largely made from…
Cast iron, an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. It is made by reducing iron ore in a blast furnace. The liquid iron is cast, or poured and hardened, into crude ingots called pigs, and the pigs are subsequently remelted along with scrap and alloying…
HMA pavements are flexible pavements. Flexible pavements are so named because the total pavement structure deflects, or flexes, under loading. A flexible pavement structure is typically composed of several layers of material each of which receives the loads from the above layer, spreads them out, then passes them on to the layer below. Thus, the further down in the pavement…
Followings are the specification of stone masonry and with Ashlar Masonry is as below: a) The mortar used in work shall have the strength of not less than 5 N/mm2 or 7.5 N/mm2 at 28 days specified. Mortar shall be fluid, mixed thoroughly and then poured in the joints. b) All stratified stone possessing bedding…
Composite masonry is the one that is constructed out of two or more types of building units or of different types of building materials. Composite Masonry: When walls are constructed with two or more types of building materials it is term as composite masonry. It makes the used of locally available materials to obtain optimum economy. The composite masonry…
Bridges have been used since ancient history though the technique of binding logs has been replaced by modern materials shaped into well-designed structures to resist applied loads. Here are the different types of bridges that exist in the world today History Of Bridges Different types of bridges have been constructed since ancient times. These bridges were simple…
Causes Of Disintegration Of Concrete The primary reasons that cause disintegration of concrete member are described below. DISINTEGRATION OF CONCRETE 1. SULPHATE ATTACK Soluble sulphates are present in § Ground water § Soil § Clay bricks Soluble sulphates react with Tricalcium Aluminate of cement I n the presence of moisture and form products which occupy much bigger volume than…
Air law, the body of law directly or indirectly concerned with civil aviation. Aviation in this context extends to both heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air aircraft. Air-cushion vehicles are not regarded as aircraft by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), but the practice of individual states in this regard is not yet settled. The earliest legislation in air law was a…
Autogenous healing is common in underground drainage pipes because of the presence of water on either side of the pipes. The non-moving cracks in concrete pipes are sealed by calcium carbonate crystals from carbon dioxide in air and calcium hydroxide in concrete in the process called autogenous healing. The healed cracks are impermeable and behave…
Many contemporary writers have developed and elaborated upon various fluid metaphors to capture aspects of contemporary social life (Urry, 2000). Flows and fluidity are some of the catchwords in social, cultural, and urban thinking that is used as building blocks in theorizing contemporary trends with a focus on process, connectivity, and mobility at the expense…