Disadvantage of chain surveying is that, in it only distances are measured and hence area is to be covered with a network of triangles. If the length as well as angle of a line can be measured with respect to a known direction then it is possible to plot a line, independent of length of…
Problem Determine the resultant force and its direction on the gate shown: Solution The horizontal force, per metre run of the gate, is that of the surface projected onto a vertical plane of length CB: measured anticlockwise to the horizontal. The resultant passes through point C. Also, as the force on each infinitesimal length of…
A continuing series of articles on fundamental structural engineering analyses. In this article the tensile and compressive stress in structural elements is examined. Since this determination is usually not trivial, computational tools and models provide invaluable analytical insight. Tension and Compression Taoist Balance A previous article introduced the moment of force as a useful engineering…
Bridge Decks The principal function of a bridge deck is to provide support to local vertical loads (from highway traffic, railway or pedestrians) and transmit these loads to the primary superstructure of the bridge, Figure 1(1). As a result of its function, the deck will be continuous along the bridge span and (apart from some…
Fire resisting properties of common construction material Fire resisting properties of common building materials such as stone, brick, timber, cast-iron, glass, steel and concrete are mentioned below. 1. STONE The stone is a bad conductor of heat. But it suffers appreciably under the effects of fire. The stone is also liable to disintegrate into small pieces…
Step I: Draw the projections of the given solid in the uncut condition using thin lines. Step II: Draw the cutting plane as a line in the front or top view depending upon whether it is perpendicular to the VP or the HP. If the cut is a cylindrical or prismatic hole, it will be drawn as…
Tepee, also spelled tipi, conical tent most common to the North American Plains Indians. Although a number of Native American groups used similar structures during the hunting season, only the Plains Indians adopted tepees as year-round dwellings, and then only from the 17th century onward. At that time the Spanish introduction of horses, guns, and metal implements enabled Plains peoples to become mounted…
Weathering Of Rock Mass ‘Weathering is the process of alteration and breakdown of rock and soil materials at and near the Earth’s surface by chemical decomposition and physical disintegration’ Of particular note in this definition is that weathering is described as a process. It is not a method for describing the engineering properties of a rock mass. As…
Motor vehicle traffic and its accompanying pollution have been a major environmental concern for decades. With approximately1.2 billion vehicles in operation today and more on the way, Earth’s atmosphere continues to absorb massive amounts of harmful emissions from a billion internal combustion engines on a daily basis. However, the problems don’t end with emissions. Roads and…
Causes Of Disintegration Of Concrete The primary reasons that cause disintegration of concrete member are described below. DISINTEGRATION OF CONCRETE 1. SULPHATE ATTACK Soluble sulphates are present in § Ground water § Soil § Clay bricks Soluble sulphates react with Tricalcium Aluminate of cement I n the presence of moisture and form products which occupy much bigger volume than…