Simply supported beam subjected to moving unit load P is presented in Fig. 2.4. Construction of influence lines for bending moment and shear force induced at section k are shown below. Bending Moment Mk The bending moment in section k is equal to the algebraic sum of moments of all forces, which are located to…
For the theoretical analysis of groundwater flow several computational methods are available, analytical or numerical. Studying groundwater flow is of great importance for soil mechanics problems, because the influence of the groundwater on the behaviour of a soil structure is very large. Many dramatic accidents have been caused by higher pore water pressures than expected….
Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support. Highly efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-wheel roof. The graceful curve of the huge main cables of a suspension bridge is almost a catenary, the shape assumed by any string or cable suspended freely…
Fibers are utilized in cement to manage the cracking characteristics and reduce permeability. The surrounding concrete protects the steel used for reinforcement. Glass fiber reinforced concrete is used for architectural products and steel fibers are mostly used for paving and inside tunnels. History of Reinforced Concrete Fibers have been used for concrete reinforcement since prehistoric times though technology has improved significantly,…
Weathering Of Rock Mass ‘Weathering is the process of alteration and breakdown of rock and soil materials at and near the Earth’s surface by chemical decomposition and physical disintegration’ Of particular note in this definition is that weathering is described as a process. It is not a method for describing the engineering properties of a rock mass. As…
The use of fly ash in portland cement concrete (PCC) has many benefits and improves concrete performance in both the fresh and hardened state. Fly ash use in concrete improves the workability of plastic concrete, and the strength and durability of hardened concrete. Fly ash use is also cost effective. When fly ash is added…
Important Notation In Engineering Graphics · HP means the Horizontal Plane · VP means the Vertical Plane · FV means the Front View · TV means the Top View · SV means the Side View · STV means the Sectional Top View · GR means the Ground · TL means the True Length · CP means the Cutting Plane · PPP means the Picture Plane…
Introduction Fly ash can be used as a cost-effective mineral filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA) paving applications. Where available locally, fly ash may cost less than other mineral fillers. Also, due to the lower specific gravity of fly ash, similar performance is obtained using less material by weight, further reducing the material cost of…
Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured as a spatial distance (sloping distance) in three-dimensional space, usually it is the horizontal component which is required. Distance is required in many instances, e.g. to give scale to a network of control points, to fix the position of topographic detail by offsets…
Angle of Friction Consider the block shown in Fig. 5.2 subject to pull P. Let F be the frictional force developed and N the normal reaction. Thus, at contact surface, the reactions are F and N. They can be combined to get the resultant reaction R which acts at angle θ to normal reaction. This…