Yurt, also spelled yurta, Mongol ger, tentlike Central Asian nomad’s dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or handwoven textiles in bright colours. The interior is simply furnished with brightly coloured rugs (red often predominating) decorated with geometric or stylized animal patterns. The knotted pile rug, first known from a nomad burial at the foot…
To certain the required properties of stones, the following tests can be conducted: (i) crushing strength test (ii) water absorption test (iii) abrasion test (iv) impact test (v) acid test. (i) Crushing Strength Test: For conducting this test, specimen of size 40 × 40 × 40 mm are prepared from parent stone. Then the sides are finely dressed and placed in water for 3 days….
Stress Distribution In Soil Displacements in soil occur from stresses applied by loading forces. The distribution of stress in soil should be known for realistic estimates of displacements caused by applied loads on the supporting soil. The following methods may be used to estimate the stress distribution of soil for an applied load Q at the center…
Engineers who practice green project management techniques will be very much aware of the effects that their projects can have on the ecology and the environment. Good engineers will have plans to mitigate these effects even before the first spade of soil is turned over. Land and Urbanization Rapid urbanization and industrialization since the turn…
Timber is used for the following works: 1. For heavy construction works like columns, trusses, piles. 2. For light construction works like doors, windows, flooring and roofing. 3. For other permanent works like for railway sleepers, fencing poles, electric poles and gates. 4. For temporary works in construction like scaffolding, centering, shoring and strutting, packing of materials. 5. For decorative works like showcases and furnitures….
Climate, conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time; it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations) that, over short time periods, constitute weather. These elements are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation (type, frequency, and amount), atmospheric pressure, and wind (speed and direction). From the ancient Greek origins of the word (klíma, “an inclination or slope”—e.g., of…
Robertson (1990) proposed a development of the Robertson et al. (1986) profiling chart, shown in Fig. 2.8, plotting a “normalized cone stress”, qcnrm, against a “normalized friction ratio”, Rfnrm, in a cone stress chart. The accompanying pore pressure ratio chart plots the “normalized cone stress” against the pore pressure ratio, Bq, defined by Eq. 2.2…
A beach that requires constant replenishment or change in its sand dune structure is an ideal candidate for some sort of protection work which can prevent littoral drift. Groynes are one form of coastal protection which helps beaches retain their character. Littoral Drift and the Need for Groynes Waves and wind are the major factors involved in beach…
This section deals with the civil engineering fields. As a Civil Engineer a vast world of imagination and dreams are opened to us. The Field of civil engineering is so vast that one can’t limit itself to any particular field and excel without having a proper knowledge of other related fields. To conclude we can…
Properties of mortar Properties of mortar which are sought for use in masonry are: workability, water retentivity, rate of stiffening, strength, resistance to rain penetration and durability. These properties have been discussed below explaining their effect on masonry. Choice of masonry mortar is governed by several considerations such as § Type of masonry unit and its…