Rigid pavements respond to loading in a variety of ways that affect performance (both initial and long-term). The three principal responses are: Curling stress. Differences in temperature between the top and bottom surfaces of a PCCslab will cause the slab to curl. Since slab weight and contact with the base restrict its movement, stresses are created. Load stress. …
Protection Of Masonry During Construction It is necessary to protect masonry during construction when the mortar is green or when masonry has not been laterally supported, against damage due to rain, frost, storm, etc. It is also necessary to protect some vulnerable parts of masonry such as jambs, corners and sills and expose masonry, during…
Kinematical analysis of a structure can also be done using the static equations. The following criteria for instantaneously changeable systems may be used: (a) Load has finite quantity but the internal forces have infinite values (b) Load is absent and the internal forces are uncertain (type of 0/0) Let us discuss these criteria for structure…
Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. But it can be transformed from one from to another. This energy can also be stored in a device or equipment, so that it can be used in the other form. Have you ever wondered how hydraulic energy is stored? Here’s how. Introduction: “Energy can neither be…
Ever hit a pothole at 70mph? To paraphrase Ben Franklin, do a little preventive work now and save a lot of curative work later. Applied to roads and highways, this philosophy is increasingly important in light of changes in infrastructure budgets. Expecting the Unexpected Anyone who drives a road vehicle knows how vital a good…
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative positions of various objects of an area on paper and produce plan or map of that area. Various uses of surveying are listed below: (i) Plans prepared to record property lines of private, public and government lands help in avoiding unnecessary controversies. (ii)…
The following points should be considered in selecting station points: (i) It should be visible from at least two or more stations. (ii) As far as possible main lines should run on level ground. (iii) All triangles should be well conditioned (No angle less than 30º). (iv) Main network should have as few lines as possible….
Structures become dilapidated due to old age just like an ordinary human being. The reasons have to be studied properly and solutions arrived at, and only a qualified and experienced engineer can plan the work. Rehabilitation of Older Existing Structures The human body becomes deteriorated upon ageing. To a certain extent, the problem can be…
Before taking up equilibrium conditions of a body, it is necessary to identify the various forces acting on it. The various forces acting on a body may be grouped into: (a) Applied Forces (b) Non-applied Forces (a) Applied Forces These are the forces applied externally to a body. Each of the forces is having contact…
In this age of technological evolution, the field of seismic engineering has a reputation for creative thinking and advanced technology beyond conventional solutions. Seismic isolation is a fitting technology. In this section we will look at the history of base isolation how and why it works. The Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (EERC), now known as…