When a survey line is longer than a chain length, it is necessary to align intermediate points on chain line so that the measurements are along the line. The process of locating intermediate points on survey line is known as ranging. There are two methods of ranging viz., direct ranging and reciprocal ranging. Direct Ranging…
The formwork sector is being influenced by the requirements of improved workplace safety and crane-independent systems that are fast and reliable. Working at heights has become less hazardous. Due to these reasons, concrete formwork is becoming popular. What are Formwork Systems? A formwork system signifies the molds used to store and hold wet concrete until curing is…
Drainage discharges from any hard surfacing where there are vehicles can be a problem to keep clean. This is done with the use of separators. Separators are a major component in any SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage System) approach to drainage design. Car parks and other areas where cars and other vehicles are stored are at…
Air entrained concrete A major advance in concrete technology in recent years is the introduction of tiny disconnected air bubbles into concrete called air entrainment. Air entrained concrete results from using either an air-entraining cement or an air-entraining admixture during mixing. Adding entrained air to concrete provides important benefits in both plastic and hardened concrete,…
Raw earth has been used in the construction buildings since ancient times. Many great earthen buildings throughout the world have stood the test of time, depicting the great benefits of using earth in the construction and architectural process. Introduction In the field of architecture, earth is a material that plays a vital part and is…
Under SUDS requirements rainwater has to be held on site and discharged into the drainage system at a slow rate in order to prevent flooding downstream. The principle behind an attenuation tank is that rainwater from a site is collected in the tank and allowed to slowly discharge into the downstream drainage system at a…
In 1960 System International (SI units) unit was approved by the conference of weights and measures. It is an international organisation of which most of the Countries are the members. In this system also unit of linear measurement is metre. However, in this system use of centimetres and decametres are discouraged. Of course major difference between…
English Bond English bond consists of alternate course of headers and stretches. In this English bond arrangement, vertical joints in the header courses come over each other and the vertical joints in the stretcher course are also in the same line. For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive course it is essential to place…
Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used. The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are 1. Stretcher bond 2. Header bond 3. English bond and 4. Flemish bond. 1. Stretcher…
Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix proportion…