Air pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air in quantities that are harmful to human health and environment. It can be defined as presence of foreign matter either gaseous or particulate or combination of both in the air which is detrimental to the health and welfare of…
The problem of water leakages Water is a daily necessary resource for life, health, economic development and the ecosystem all over the world. As water is precious to everyone, its availability and quality are essential. Climate change, droughts, water shortages and population growth are increasing the strain on existing water resources, thereby increasing the necessity…
Due to improper waste disposal systems particularly by municipal waste management teams, wastes heap up and become a problem. People clean their homes and places of work and litter their surroundings which affects the environment and the community. This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled…
(i) Chemical properties: Portland cement consists of the following chemical compounds: (a) Tricalcium silicate 3 CaO.SiO2 (C3S) 40% (b) Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S) 30% (c) Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A) 11% (d) Tetracalcium aluminate 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (C3AF) 11% There may be small quantities of impurities present such as calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). When water is added to cement, C3A is the first…
Development We consider again a general stream tube: Application – Fluid Striking a Flat Surface Consider the jet of fluid striking the surface as shown: Application – Flow around a bend in a pipe Consider the flow around the bend shown below. We neglect changes in elevation and consider the control volume as the fluid…
Origins of agriculture, the active production of useful plants or animals in ecosystems that have been created by people. Agriculture has often been conceptualized narrowly, in terms of specific combinations of activities and organisms—wet-rice production in Asia, wheat farming in Europe, cattle ranching in the Americas, and the like—but a more holistic perspective holds that humans are environmental engineers who disrupt terrestrial habitats in specific ways. Anthropogenic disruptions such as clearing…
The following laboratory tests may be conducted on the bricks to find their suitability: (i) Crushing strength (ii) Absorption (iii) Shape and size and (iv) Efflorescence. (i) Crushing Strength: The brick specimen are immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of the brick is filled flush with 1:3 cement mortar and the specimen is stored…
Recovering value and performance by addressing foundation failure vulnerability For commercial and utility scale facilities, the comparative costs of various degrees of foundation risk abatement can be thought of in the following terms: · The incremental cost of experienced geotechnical site assessment, foundation design and early project involvement is thousands of dollars. · The cost of…
The health risks involved in asbestos has led to its being removed and replaced. There are persons and organizations specialized in asbestos abatement procedures. Even this asbestos abatement exposure does lead to health risks and requires companies to follow EPA guidelines. Asbestos Related Health Problems Led to Asbestos Abatement Asbestos is a group of minerals…
Ramps are of great importance in any high-rise building. Ramps provide safe access to the building for heavy materials such as heavy machineries. In many countries the construction of a ramp in a building is made compulsory by law abiding bodies to provide safe and convenient access to people with disabilities as by the help…