To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary to adjust each measured bay to its final horizontal equivalent as follows. Standardization During a period of use, a tape will gradually alter in length for a variety of reasons. The amount of change can be found by having the tape standardized at…
Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix proportion…
Asphalt roads wear more than concrete roads, but many countries are replacing concrete roads with asphalt because it is cheaper, despite concrete roads having some major advantages. Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of the different road paving surfaces in this article. If you have travelled from Pune to Mumbai by road then you might have noticed…
There is much talk at the moment about ozone layers and sustainable building practices, but very little help on how to design and build sustainable construction. This is the first in a series of articles to explore the options available and hopefully start some discussion. The most difficult challenge facing the construction industry at the…
Temperature Variations Extreme temperature variations can causes severe pavement damage due to expansion, contraction and (in the case of rigid pavements) slab curling. Additionally, asphalt binder rheologyvaries with temperature. Therefore, estimated temperature extremes and their effects are a primary consideration. For flexible pavements, older asphalt binder grading systems did not directly account for temperature effects and thus various…
High definition induction logs are more accurate and efficient than the conventional well logging methods. HDIL, as they are popularly known as are an important part of well-logging and ensure precise resistivity data and hydrocarbon traces of a newly dug well. Induction logging of oil and natural gas wells started after the Second World War….
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that increases the ambient water temperature. The increase in temperature (a) decreases the dissolved oxygen/oxygen supply, and (b) affects ecosystem composition. Sources: 1) Industries: A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers….
Development We consider again a general stream tube: Application – Fluid Striking a Flat Surface Consider the jet of fluid striking the surface as shown: Application – Flow around a bend in a pipe Consider the flow around the bend shown below. We neglect changes in elevation and consider the control volume as the fluid…
Earlier blasts reminded us of demolitions of buildings in the US. But now, blasting reminds us of 9/11 and terrorist attacks. Post 9/11, governments have started emphasizing the need for blast containment designs that help in minimizing blast injuries. Terrorism has threatened the internal security of many countries, including the US. In the last decade,…
Plain concrete, commonly known as concrete, is an intimate mixture of binding material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. This can be easily moulded to desired shape and size before it looses plasticity and hardens. Plain concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. The tensile property is introduced in concrete by inducting different materials…