The errors may be grouped into the instrumental and personal errors. Instrumental Errors 1. The surface of plane table not perfectly plane. 2. Bevelled edge of alidade not straight. 3. Sight vanes of alidade not perfectly perpendicular to the base. 4. Plane table clamp being loose. 5. Magnetic compass being sluggish. 6. Drawing sheet being…
Recycled concrete can be used for structural fills if it is properly pulverized to a uniform size to aid compaction. This is a great eco-friendly practice that also saves money! Learn all about recycled concrete for fill. What Is Recycled Concrete? Recycled concrete is obtained from hardened concrete that has reached the end of its…
A staircase is an integral part of a building. It is a series of steps arranged in an order so that people can go from one floor of a building to another . The stair should be as per standard design principles and constructed in a such a manner that people can negotiate the steps with ease. A staircase…
Failures in rigid pavements are caused by distresses due to various causes. Repair techniques these types of failures in rigid pavements are discussed. Types of Failures in Rigid Pavements The different types of distresses responsible for failures in rigid pavements are: Joint Spalling Faulting Polished Aggregate Shrinkage Cracking Pumping Punch out Linear Cracking Durability Cracking…
The following two types of scales are used in surveying: (i) Plain Scale (ii) Diagonal Scale. Plain Scale On a plain scale it is possible to read two dimensions directly such as unit and tenths. This scale is not drawn like ordinary foot rule (30 cm scale). If a scale of 1 : 40 is to be…
Criteria for Selection of Land fill Site Landfill site for solid wastes should be selected on following criteria: · Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity so that the projected need can be fulfilled for several years. In this way the cost coming on all that procedure can be justified. · The…
Drum, in architecture, any of the cylindrical stone blocks composing a column that is not a monolith. The term also denotes a circular or polygonal wall supporting a dome, cupola, or lantern (qq.v.). Cupola Cupola, in architecture, small dome, often resembling an overturned cup, placed on a circular, polygonal, or square base or on small pillars or a glassed-in lantern. It is used to crown a turret, roof, or…
Objective(s): To describe the tasks and logistics of MSW collection, to analyze collection systems, and to become familiar with the principals and theory behind the use of transfer stations Goals: Understand problems and concerns associated with MSW collection. Compare and contrast privately and publicly operated systems. Understand the types of collection systems To identify the benefits…
The new complex method of seismic hazard assessment that resulted in creation of the probabilistic maps of seismic microzonation is presented in this chapter. To study seismicity and analyze seismic hazard of the territory the following databases are formed: macroseismic, seismologic databases and the database of possible seismic source zones (or potential seismic sources –…
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative positions of various objects of an area on paper and produce plan or map of that area. Various uses of surveying are listed below: (i) Plans prepared to record property lines of private, public and government lands help in avoiding unnecessary controversies. (ii)…