Concrete Curing in Challenging Conditions

Without curing, concrete is just like brittle mixture of various construction ingredients that can break down under excessive loads or even under normal loading conditions. Concrete under water curing, curing concrete below freezing and extremely hot temperatures needs special attention. Curing means hardening of concrete mix under controlled conditions. Temperature and moisture content of concrete…

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Multi-Beam Bridge Construction

Multi-beam bridges are a very common form of construction for roads and other bridges that are required to span across distances less than one hundred meters. The beams are connected by an horizontal element that allows transport of men, materials, and vehicles. Bridges Require Beams to Span the Gaps between Piers Bridges are essentially meant to cross…

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Rise of the Roundabouts

Roundabouts in America have come a long way since they were first introduced. Today, traffic conditions have changed, traffic density has increased manifold, and these factors have raised questions about the effectiveness of roundabouts. “Give way before entry” is the principle on which a roundabout is designed. The first roundabout was built in 1960s in…

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How Engineers Prepare Cities for Tsunamis

Introduction Tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters, capable of wiping out entire coastal cities within minutes. With waves reaching heights of 30 meters (100 feet) or more, the destruction can be catastrophic. However, engineers around the world have developed cutting-edge strategies to protect cities and minimize damage. From seawalls to early warning…

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The Science Behind Underground Tunnels: How Are They Built? 🚇🛠️

Underground tunnels are engineering marvels that connect cities, transport people and goods, and even house utilities. But how do engineers build tunnels beneath rivers, mountains, and urban landscapes without them collapsing? Let’s explore the fascinating science behind tunnel construction! 🚧🔬 1. Why Build Underground? 🌍🏗️ Tunnels offer unique advantages over surface roads and bridges: ✅…

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Expansion Joints

Expansion joints are utilized for various vital architectural structures that particularly have a need of these joints. Buildings particularly high rise are exposed to various factors like weather, velocity, seismic activity, etc. An expansion joint is an assembly that is designed to absorb safely expansion and contraction of different construction materials caused by heat. These…

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PLASTERING

Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix proportion…

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How Beam Column Joints Resists Earthquakes?

In RC buildings, portions of columns that are common to beams at their intersections are called beam-column joints (Figure 1). Since their constituent materials have limited strengths, the joints have limited force carrying capacity. When forces larger than these are applied during earthquakes, joints are severely damaged. Repairing damaged joints is difficult, and so damage…

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Types of Windows

Various windows used may be classified on the basis of materials used, types of shutters, types of openings of shutters and the position of windows. Timber, steel and aluminium are commonly used to make window frames. Timber may get termite attacks, steel may rust but aluminium do not have any such defects. However they are…

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