REQUIREMENTS OF FORMWORK Requirements of formwork – quality, safety & economy In the selection of materials for formwork, the three general principles of quality, safety and economy must be paramount. Material quality can ensure safety, and significantly contributes to the achievement of economy. Formwork failure can result in loss of life and always causes catastrophic financial loss. Some general guidelines can…
Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support. Highly efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-wheel roof. The graceful curve of the huge main cables of a suspension bridge is almost a catenary, the shape assumed by any string or cable suspended freely…
In order to achieve a complete shape description, it is necessary to get more than one projection, and therefore, additional planes of projection are used to project more views on them, for the object. As such, the orthographic system of projection is also called multi-view projection method. In the orthographic projection drawing, for getting the…
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of such theodolite. Main parts of such a theodolite are: 1. Telescope: A telescope is mounted on a horizontal axis (trunnion axis) hence it can rotate in vertical plane. Its length varies from 100 mm 175 mm and its diameter is 38…
City busses are main vehicles for public transport to meet travel demand of the society. They operate where urban population is very dense and release such emissions as particulate matters (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxides (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) where the population lives (Soylu et al., 2009, Gumrukcuoglu et al., 2008, Soylu, 2007, WHO, 2003)….
Multi-beam bridges are a very common form of construction for roads and other bridges that are required to span across distances less than one hundred meters. The beams are connected by an horizontal element that allows transport of men, materials, and vehicles. Bridges Require Beams to Span the Gaps between Piers Bridges are essentially meant to cross…
High rise buildings are built with steel columns encased in concrete. Such columns carry very heavy load and hence they need special foundations to spread the load to a larger area of soil. Grillage foundation is one such special foundation. It consists of one tier or more tiers of I-sections steel beams.Top tier consists of less number…
With space agencies like NASA and private companies like SpaceX planning manned missions to Mars, the idea of Martian cities is becoming more than just science fiction. But how realistic is it to build permanent human settlements on the Red Planet? Let’s explore the challenges and potential solutions for extraterrestrial construction! 🌍➡️🪐 1. Why Build…
The following two types of scales are used in surveying: (i) Plain Scale (ii) Diagonal Scale. Plain Scale On a plain scale it is possible to read two dimensions directly such as unit and tenths. This scale is not drawn like ordinary foot rule (30 cm scale). If a scale of 1 : 40 is to be…
How many times have you said, “I love that city. It is so clean and well organized.” How many times have you been impressed by how cities like London and Venice are able to handle their municipal services so effectively? You can thank the municipal engineers who play the major role behind this. Basics of Municipal Engineering…