Tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature’s action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone. A vertical opening is usually called a shaft. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage. Underground chambers, often associated with a complex of connecting tunnels and…
Preliminary use of water chlorination took place in the mid to late 1800’s. The history of water chlorination for regular disinfection of public water supplies, however, began in the U.S. early in the 20th century and led to a dramatic drop in the incidence of the major waterborne diseases. Impact of Water Chlorination The use…
Excel formulas to calculate water flow rates for pipe sizes (diameters and lengths) can be downloaded as Excel templates in this article. The Hazen Williams formula is used for water flow rate calculations. Either S.I. units or U.S. units can be used in the Excel spreadsheet templates. Limitations on the Hazen Williams Formula for Water…
Home automation activities are becoming increasingly important nowadays in providing more comfort and security for the home residents. Reports are available in the past concerning the development of devices and units needed for implementing the smart home (two websites, 2009; Jorge Caleira Nunes et al, 2004; Renato Nunes, 2003 and Balasubramanian and Cellatoglu, 2008). Each…
CarbonCure Technologies, a Canadian carbon-tech company, makes a cement-like material from CO2 that reduces the carbon footprint of concrete. The company had set a goal to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2040, a decade earlier than the global commitments for the Paris Climate Agreement. CarbonCure is, among 86 large and small companies which are promising to…
Cement is used widely for the construction of various structures. Some of them are listed below: (i) Cement slurry is used for filling cracks in concrete structures. (ii) Cement mortar is used for masonry work, plastering and pointing. (iii) Cement concrete is used for the construction of various structures like buildings, bridges.water tanks, tunnels, docks, harbours etc….
For curved surfaces the fluid pressure on the infinitesimal areas are not parallel and so must be combined vectorially. It is usual to consider the total horizontal and vertical force components of the resultant. Surface Containing Liquid Consider the surface AB which contains liquid as shown below: Surface Displacing Liquid Consider the surface AB which…
Site Exploration Program The knowledge about the site forms a vital role in the safe and economic development of a site. A thorough investigation of the site is an essential preliminary to the construction of any civil engineering works. Public building officials may require soil data together with the recommendations of the geotechnical consultant prior…
For thousands years the use of wood trusses has been an important architectural and structural engineering practice. The concept has been considerably improved over the last 70 years to enable wood roof trusses and wood floor trusses to become common place construction components. The Versatility of Wood Trusses With hundreds of variations of a few…
Concrete masonry or cement masonry uses cement concrete blocks, either hollow or solid, for wall construction, with or without stone facing. A hollow unit is defined as that unit that has a core-void area greater than 25% of the gross area. Hollow Clay Tile Masonry. I came across this textured wall the other day in my stroll…