The decrease of water availability is a major global problem that is increasing in intensity. Since water resources have been substantially reduced over the past years, control over water distribution is now considered imperative. For this reason, water supply networks are more closely monitored and significant efforts are made to reduce the effects of leakages….
It is not an easy task to find the best websites and forums for civil engineers on the internet. If you are looking for civil engineering forums and websites to get easily what you are looking for, then here are some top websites to begin your search. There are lots of civil engineering forums and…
Flow Measurement – Small Orifices Consider the following tank discharge through a small opening below its surface: Flow Measurement – Large Orifices When studying small orifices we assumed that the head was effectively constant across the orifice. With large openings this assumption is not valid. Consider the following opening:
Traffic data collection is an essential issue for road-traffic control departments, which need real-time information for traffic-parameter estimation: road-traffic intensity, lane occupancy, congestion level, estimation of journey times, etc., as well as for early incident detection. This information can be used to improve road safety as well as to make an optimal use of the…
Discrete event simulation permits experimentation in construction by modeling. The results of processes are determined without incurring the actual expenditures on construction. Several discrete event simulation systems have been developed for the construction industry. The Requirement Discrete Event Simulation (DES) is a strong evaluator that is favorable for the designing of construction operations. Simulation analyses normally consist of…
For carbon dioxide attack, carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. It would dissolve the cement matrix. However, the amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is usually not sufficient to cause harm to concrete structures until additional source of carbon dioxide is available (e.g. decaying vegetable matter). Carbonation…
The most commonly used plane table It consists of a well-seasoned wooden table Top mounted on a tripod. The table top can rotate about vertical axis freely. Whenever necessary table can be clamped in the desired orientation. The table can be levelled by adjusting tripod legs. The following accessories are required to carry out plane table survey:…
Manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried out systematically with a division of labour. (See industry.) In a more limited sense, manufacturing denotes the fabrication or assembly of components into finished products on a fairly large scale. Among the most important manufacturing industries are…
The following trusses are considered in this section: Three-hinged trusses, trusses with a hinged chain, and complex trusses. Each of the above-mentioned trusses has some peculiarities. Three-Hinged Trusses A three-hinged truss is actually two trusses connected by the hinge C as shown in Fig. 3.20a. Both supports are pinned. The fundamental feature of this structure…
Chain survey is suitable in the following cases: (i) Area to be surveyed is comparatively small (ii) Ground is fairly level (iii) Area is open and (iv) Details to be filled up are simple and less. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i.e. no angular measurements are made. Since triangle is the only figure…