The following laboratory tests may be conducted on the bricks to find their suitability: (i) Crushing strength (ii) Absorption (iii) Shape and size and (iv) Efflorescence. (i) Crushing Strength: The brick specimen are immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of the brick is filled flush with 1:3 cement mortar and the specimen is stored…
Plastering Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix…
Industry, a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further classified as heavy and light. Primary Industry This sector of a nation’s economy includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and the extraction…
Before learning about the difference between geological energy and biological energy, and how energy flows in each, let’s take a detailed look at both the energy forms and understand how they exist in nature. Geological Energy Geological energy can be seen in nature in several forms, with one of its common manifestations being earthquakes, which…
Walls are built to partition living area into different parts. They impart privacy and protection against temperature, rain and theft. Walls may be classified as 1. Load bearing walls 2. Partition walls. 1. Load Bearing Walls: If beams and columns are not used, load from roof and floors are transferred to foundation by walls. Such walls…
The assumption of ideally elastic response produces an exaggerated radial stress distribution near the location of the point-load. Thus, immediately below the location of a single point and to a distance radially away from the location, the Boussinesq point-load formula does not provide realistic values, as illustrated in Fig. 1.6. However, for a series of…
All the ecosystems are interrelated by different mechanisms that affect the lives of plant, animal and human beings. The commonly known mechanisms are the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the oxygen cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the energy cycle. All the ecosystems are controlled by these cycles and their abiotic and biotic features are distinct….
The function of a door is to give access to building and to different parts of the building and to deny the access whenever necessary. Number of doors should be minimum possible. The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the…
Highway bridges have the main objective of carrying traffic; therefore traffic loading is a primary source of stress on the structure – quite often the largest one. However, traffic conditions are rather variable, as they depend on many factors, ranging from the macroscale (such as economic development) to the microscale (such as individual driver behaviour)….
From a scientific perspective, geotechnical engineering largely involves defining the soil’s strength and deformation properties. Clay, silt, sand, rock and snow are important materials in geotechnics. Geotechnical engineering includes specialist fields such as soil and rock mechanics, geophysics, hydrogeology and associated disciplines such as geology. Geotechnical engineering and engineering geology are a branch of civil…