Cavity walls are those which are constructed in that way that an empty space or cavity is left between the single wall. They are also known as Hollow Wall. Cavity walls are two walls constructed as a single wall. A little space is lifted between these two walls for insulation purposes. These two walls having…
Glacier, any large mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow. Exact limits for the terms large, perennial, and flow cannot be set. Except in size, a small snow patch that persists for more than one season is hydrologically indistinguishable from a true…
The term ferro-cement implies the combination of ferrous product with cement. Generally this combination is in the form of steel wires meshes embedded in a portland cement mortar. Wire mesh is usually of 0.8 to 1.00 m diameter steel wires at 5 mm to 50 mm spacing and the cement mortar is of cement sand ratio of 1:2…
The decrease of water availability is a major global problem that is increasing in intensity. Since water resources have been substantially reduced over the past years, control over water distribution is now considered imperative. For this reason, water supply networks are more closely monitored and significant efforts are made to reduce the effects of leakages….
For thousands years the use of wood trusses has been an important architectural and structural engineering practice. The concept has been considerably improved over the last 70 years to enable wood roof trusses and wood floor trusses to become common place construction components. The Versatility of Wood Trusses With hundreds of variations of a few…
An abrupt and tremendous release of energy stored in the rocks and the earth’s crust through the action of tectonic process is described as an earth quake. Some areas on the planet earth are so located that more than one tectonic plate constantly change against one another and an earthquake can result when one or…
In order to produce a rigid structure in a whole, the rigid discs should be connected in specific way. Let us consider general rules for formation of geometrically unchangeable structures from two and three rigid discs. If a structure is formed from two discs, then their connections may be as follows: 1. Connection by fixed…
PLASTERING plastering The following topics are covered in this post. 1. What is plastering? 2. What are the requirements of good plaster? 3. Different types of mortars for plastering 4. Number of coats of plastering 5. How to preparation of background before plastering? 6. What are the recommended mortars mixes for different situation? 7. What are the defects in plastering? WHAT IS…
Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix proportion…
Properly designed and maintained HMA pavements can provide many years of satisfactory service. However, like all pavements, HMA pavements can be damaged by certain conditions. This page is intended to: Assist in identifying basic HMA pavement damage. HMA pavement damage that is visible at the surface of the pavement is often called “surface distress”. Provide some insight into…