Bulldozers are heavy equipment capable of moving heavy loads, clearing rubble, and are very helpful in civil engineering works. Modern bulldozers are no uglier and too heavy to handle. They are equipped with electronic devices and they look good, too. Purpose of a Bulldozer The word “bulldozer” is normally inferred to indicate heavy equipment, like…
Roundabouts in America have come a long way since they were first introduced. Today, traffic conditions have changed, traffic density has increased manifold, and these factors have raised questions about the effectiveness of roundabouts. “Give way before entry” is the principle on which a roundabout is designed. The first roundabout was built in 1960s in…
All observations and measurements taken during chain surveying are to be recorded in a standard field book. It is a oblong book of size 200 mm × 120 mm, which can be carried in the pocket. There are two forms of the book (i) single line and (ii) double line. The pages of a single book are…
Reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is…
Global Vipassana Pagoda is considered to be the modern day wonder of world, let us see its salient features to know why it is called so. What is Pagoda? The pagoda is the monument where Buddha is worshipped and people meditate as per his instructions. The pagoda is also called as stupa. When Buddha left the earthly…
What do pasta, muscles, and a roof truss have in common? They all can be strained, although only one experiences structural engineering strain. A continuing series of articles on fundamental engineering analyses. We’ll Cross That Bridge…. Previous articles introduced the concept of stress as a fundamental engineering calculation. Another useful analysis determines the deformation, or…
The corrosion of steel reinforcement inside a concrete structure is undesirable in the following ways: (i) The presence of rust impairs the bond strength of deformed reinforcement because corrosion occurs at the raised ribs and fills the gap between ribs, thus evening out the original deformed shape. In essence, the bond between concrete and deformed…
Temperature Variations Extreme temperature variations can causes severe pavement damage due to expansion, contraction and (in the case of rigid pavements) slab curling. Additionally, asphalt binder rheologyvaries with temperature. Therefore, estimated temperature extremes and their effects are a primary consideration. For flexible pavements, older asphalt binder grading systems did not directly account for temperature effects and thus various…
Floods, rains, and other natural calamities are beyond human control. Despite advancements in technology, excessive water, and the complications it brings, always hurts social life in flood hit areas. In 2011, the Mississippi River flooded the heartland of America. It was recorded as one of the most devastating floods in the history of America. If…
Silica is the main constituent of glass. But it is to be added with sodium potassium carbonate to bring down melting point. To make it durable lime or lead oxide is also added. Manganese oxide is added to nullify the adverse effects of unwanted iron present in the impure silica. The raw materials are ground…