VARIOUS TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT According to Kurt Lewin, environment is of three types which influence the personality of an individual as under: (a) Physical Environment, (b) Social and Cultural Environment, and (c) Psychological Environment. These may be explained as under: Physical Environment Physical environment, refers to geographical climate and weather or physical conditions wherein an…
Cable structure, Form of long-span structure that is subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support. Highly efficient, cable structures include the suspension bridge, the cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-wheel roof. The graceful curve of the huge main cables of a suspension bridge is almost a catenary, the shape assumed by any string or cable suspended freely…
The determining of the load capacity for any structure, is in these days of paramount importance, none more so, than for those involving concrete. Major building structures such as bridges rely on tests involving prestressed concrete beam load test to failure. Introduction For enabling concrete to support a greater load capacity, or to span a greater distance…
(i) Chemical properties: Portland cement consists of the following chemical compounds: (a) Tricalcium silicate 3 CaO.SiO2 (C3S) 40% (b) Dicalcium silicate 2CaO.SiO2 (C2S) 30% (c) Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 (C3A) 11% (d) Tetracalcium aluminate 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (C3AF) 11% There may be small quantities of impurities present such as calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). When water is added to cement, C3A is the first…
Glass fiber reinforced concrete is an engineered material that contains cement, polymers, and glass fibers that are ingrained in the cementious matrix. The GFRC properties are influenced by the glass contents, mix design, and production process. GFRC is mainly used for external applications. Basics Of GFRC Glass fiber reinforced concrete is basically concrete material that utilizes glass fibers for the reinforcement, as a substitute of steel. The…
Geometric design of highways and roadways refers to road engineering design features, notably horizontal and vertical alignment. Its main purpose is to provide safe and smooth traffic operations. The geometric design of roadways and highways is heavily influenced by the speed of the vehicle. Geometric Design of Highways and Roadways Starting out, it’s best to…
Site Exploration Program The knowledge about the site forms a vital role in the safe and economic development of a site. A thorough investigation of the site is an essential preliminary to the construction of any civil engineering works. Public building officials may require soil data together with the recommendations of the geotechnical consultant prior…
Robertson (1990) proposed a development of the Robertson et al. (1986) profiling chart, shown in Fig. 2.8, plotting a “normalized cone stress”, qcnrm, against a “normalized friction ratio”, Rfnrm, in a cone stress chart. The accompanying pore pressure ratio chart plots the “normalized cone stress” against the pore pressure ratio, Bq, defined by Eq. 2.2…
Specifications for fly ash structural fills and embankments are similar to specifications for engineered soil fills. Proper placement and compaction of fly ash fills is required to achieve the desired strength and compressibility characteristics assumed for design. Figure 6-1: Highway embankment with fly ash structural fill. Design and Specification Requirements Ash sources. Fly ash for structural fill…
The application of cost-benefit for project assessment in the highway area is made more complicated by the wide array of benefits associated with a given road initiative, some easier to translate into monetary values than others. Many of the benefits of improvements to transport projects equate to decreases in cost. The primary grouping that contains…