Climate, conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time; it is the long-term summation of the atmospheric elements (and their variations) that, over short time periods, constitute weather. These elements are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation (type, frequency, and amount), atmospheric pressure, and wind (speed and direction). From the ancient Greek origins of the word (klíma, “an inclination or slope”—e.g., of…
Civil engineering is the oldest and one of the most versatile branches of engineering. Every structure that we see around today is a creation of civil engineering. Civil engineering is the oldest and broadest engineering discipline among all the engineering fields. The field deals with the planning, designing, and construction of buildings and various other…
Followings are the specification of stone masonry and with Ashlar Masonry is as below: a) The mortar used in work shall have the strength of not less than 5 N/mm2 or 7.5 N/mm2 at 28 days specified. Mortar shall be fluid, mixed thoroughly and then poured in the joints. b) All stratified stone possessing bedding…
Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh . Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II….
Tall buildings are subjected to heavy horizontal forces due to inertia during earthquake. Hence they need shear walls. A shear wall is a R.C.C. enclosure within the building built to take shear forces. It is usually built around lift room. These shear walls must be provided evenly throughout the buildings in both directions as well…
Excel templates can be downloaded to use Excel formulas for venturi meter, orifice flow meter and ideal gas law calculations. The Excel formulas calculate pipe flow rates for venturi and orifice flow meters, gas density with the ideal gas law, and orifice coefficient with the ISO 5167 equation. Orifice and Venturi Meter Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet Formulas Excel spreadsheet formulas can…
Buildings damaged by the flooding at Kilembe community. East Africa is currently suffering unprecedented destruction due to extreme precipitation that resulted in extensive floods and landslides. Rainfalls began in the past weeks and still continue to impact the local population and infrastructure. Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake in terms of area, which is spatially divided to…
Timber is used for the following works: 1. For heavy construction works like columns, trusses, piles. 2. For light construction works like doors, windows, flooring and roofing. 3. For other permanent works like for railway sleepers, fencing poles, electric poles and gates. 4. For temporary works in construction like scaffolding, centering, shoring and strutting, packing of materials. 5. For decorative works like showcases and furnitures….
MAPPING After completing field work in chain survey and compass survey lot of office work is involved to prepare the plan of the area surveyed. In plane table survey office work is less. The office work involved consist of 1. Applying necessary corrections to measurements 2. Drawing index plan 3. Selecting scale 4. Selecting orientation…
Properties of mortar Properties of mortar which are sought for use in masonry are: workability, water retentivity, rate of stiffening, strength, resistance to rain penetration and durability. These properties have been discussed below explaining their effect on masonry. Choice of masonry mortar is governed by several considerations such as § Type of masonry unit and its…