Industry, a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further classified as heavy and light. Primary Industry This sector of a nation’s economy includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, and the extraction…
Construction, also called building construction, the techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures, primarily those used to provide shelter. Construction is an ancient human activity. It began with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effects of climate. Constructed shelters were one means by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide…
Shotcrete is the application of concrete to any surface through mechanical means using pneumatic appliances. It avoids the use of formwork, and ensures faster work. Shotcrete reinforcement of masonry walls can increase life of walls but would require consideration of shotcrete velocity and shotcrete Shotcrete Can Renovate Structures Masonry walls exposed to the elements and…
Cement content in any concrete has a direct relation to the strength of the concrete, its durability and impermeability. For tests for cement content and other forms of concrete testing, standards have been laid down which need to be adhered to by civil engineers. The Importance of Cement Content for Structural Strength of Concrete Cement content…
Concrete signs, as seen in office parks and public spaces, are permanent markers. Letters can be raised or inset into the concrete. Footer design details must include allowing for wind and erection stresses. Pole and sign concrete calculations must also consider erection stresses. Concrete signs are normally used where the signage is expected to be…
Proper preparation of the surface is the most important factor in achieving the bond between Ardex and the concrete surface being treated. No matter which topping or overlay is used to level, smooth, or repair a substrate’s surface, it will only be as strong as the surface to which it is bonded. Concrete Overlays Can Improve Looks…
Concrete reinforcement technology is not new and fibers have been used for reinforcement since ancient times. Popular fibers are made up of steel and glass, while plastic and nylons have a limited use. Quantities, concentration, and dispersal influence the properties of fiber reinforced concrete What Is Fiber Reinforced Concrete Fiber reinforced concrete is a type of concrete that includes fibrous substances that increase its…
Owners and builders should be seriously concerned about the concrete curing process because it can significantly influence concrete characteristics. This article describes the concrete curing process and the methods used in the curing process. Concrete Curing Process Curing concrete is the process that prevents the recently poured concrete from drying too rapidly. This is to…
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste is one of the main sources of waste that occupies huge space in landfills and that can be recycled economically, without compromising the essential material properties. With the limited supply of natural materials, concrete recycling has gained much importance Why Recycling Of Concrete Studies have revealed that concrete is the…
This type of concrete, unlike the conventional one, can be conveniently poured in narrow places since it does not require vibration. The ingredients are the same as in the conventional mixture except for the water reducing agent that improves its properties. Read the article to find out more! Enhanced Properties and Characteristics Self-compacting concrete is…