As the name implies, rigid pavements are rigid i.e, they do not flex much under loading like flexible pavements. They are constructed using cement concrete. In this case, the load carrying capacity is mainly due to the rigidity ad high modulus of elasticity of the slab (slab action). H. M. Westergaard is considered the pioneer…
Protection Of Masonry During Construction It is necessary to protect masonry during construction when the mortar is green or when masonry has not been laterally supported, against damage due to rain, frost, storm, etc. It is also necessary to protect some vulnerable parts of masonry such as jambs, corners and sills and expose masonry, during…
Trusses are the frame formed by number of straight members connected in the form of triangles The embers are made by steel angles and they are joined by rivet or welding, these joints are called nodes It is assumed that the external loads act at the nodes only and the members are subjected to only…
SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT: The environment consists of four segments of the earth namely atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere: 1. Atmosphere: The Atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thick around the earth. A blanket of gases called the atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects the surface of earth from the Sun’s harmful, ultraviolet…
All the construction activities, no matter what type they are, are carried out under the guidance and the leadership of the civil engineering consultant. The consultants can be considered to the sort of project leaders whose advice has to be obtained for almost all construction related works. Civil Engineering Jobs: Consulting Engineer All the construction…
Silica is the main constituent of glass. But it is to be added with sodium potassium carbonate to bring down melting point. To make it durable lime or lead oxide is also added. Manganese oxide is added to nullify the adverse effects of unwanted iron present in the impure silica. The raw materials are ground…
Transportation, the movement of goods and persons from place to place and the various means by which such movement is accomplished. The growth of the ability—and the need—to transport large quantities of goods or numbers of people over long distances at high speeds in comfort and safety has been an index of civilization and in particular of…
Types of defects in timber Types of Defects in timber are grouped into the following divisions. 1. DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION During the process of converting timber to commercial form, the following defects may occur. § Chip mark: mark or sign placed by chip on finished surface of timber § Diagonal grain: Due to improper sawing of timber § Torn grain: Due…
San Francisco, the land of leftist leaning ideology and now a leaning skyscraper. The Millennium Tower, sarcastically referred to locally as the “Leaning Tower of San Francisco” opened in 2009 but by November 2016 had settled up to 16 inches (based on publicly available reporting) and tilted 2 to 6 inches apparently to the northwest….
Geometric design of highways and roadways refers to road engineering design features, notably horizontal and vertical alignment. Its main purpose is to provide safe and smooth traffic operations. The geometric design of roadways and highways is heavily influenced by the speed of the vehicle. Geometric Design of Highways and Roadways Starting out, it’s best to…