For construction of influence lines of reactions and internal forces for statically determinate multispan beams the following steps are recommended: Step 1. The entire multispan hinged beam should be presented in the interaction diagram form. This helps to classify each element of the structure as primary or secondary beams, and visualize the load path from the…
The ozone layer protects humanity from the effects of ultraviolet rays, but ozone itself because of its high capacity to react through its extra oxygen atom causes the need for ozone resisting material to be used for ensuring the longevity of buildings. Ozone and Its Effect on Materials Ozone is an oxidizing agent that is…
Motor vehicle traffic and its accompanying pollution have been a major environmental concern for decades. With approximately1.2 billion vehicles in operation today and more on the way, Earth’s atmosphere continues to absorb massive amounts of harmful emissions from a billion internal combustion engines on a daily basis. However, the problems don’t end with emissions. Roads and…
Plastering Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix…
In a situation where only one car is travelling along a stretch of highway, densities (in vehicles per kilometre) will by definition be near to zero and the speed at which the car can be driven is determined solely by the geometric design and layout of the road; such a speed is termed free-flow speed…
There have been numerous government enquiries and subsequent reports over the last century into the construction of a tidal barrage across the River Severn Estuary linking England to Wales. None have come to fruition due to economic and environmental concerns and, the sheer magnitude of the project There have been many proposals and government white…
Looking to do some building? If so, you’ve come to the right place. Referenced right here is a treasure trove of information that will help guide you through the building process, from deciding what materials to use to picking the people doing the work.You’ll also find special seismic information. When considering any sort of building project, there…
Wondering how to measure your roof to estimate required material for roof replacement? Here the process of measurement of the roof is described through easy steps. Introduction Taking the measurement of the roof is very important work before buying materials for re-roofing. You can save significant money and time by estimating the cost of required…
When it comes to the precipitous decline in the reliability and efficiency of America’s infrastructure, its not just bridges we should be thinking about. The nation’s water infrastructure is falling apart, much of it tainted with heavy metals and leaking like a sieve simply due to its age. The Unseen Decline of America’s Infrastructure: Decaying Pipes, Antiquated…
Modern Architecture, also known as neo-traditional architecture, evolved during the World War I era. All the modern buildings that we see around today have evolved and been inspired from modern architecture. Find out here what “modern architecture” exactly means. Introduction Modern architecture is a style of architecture that first evolved in the Western countries during…