As the name implies, rigid pavements are rigid i.e, they do not flex much under loading like flexible pavements. They are constructed using cement concrete. In this case, the load carrying capacity is mainly due to the rigidity ad high modulus of elasticity of the slab (slab action). H. M. Westergaard is considered the pioneer…
Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used. The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are 1. Stretcher bond 2. Header bond 3. English bond and 4. Flemish bond. 1. Stretcher…
A large quantity of iron and steel is damaged because of corrosion, causing huge losses that may have been minimized by the adoption of appropriate preventive measures. Corrosion products from oxidation do not adhere to the metal surface, and the resultant pitting deteriorates the structure. What Is Corrosion Corrosion is a natural event that causes…
The most commonly used plane table It consists of a well-seasoned wooden table Top mounted on a tripod. The table top can rotate about vertical axis freely. Whenever necessary table can be clamped in the desired orientation. The table can be levelled by adjusting tripod legs. The following accessories are required to carry out plane table survey:…
Vault, in building construction, a structural member consisting of an arrangement of arches, usually forming a ceiling or roof. The basic barrel form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Middle East, is in effect a continuous series of arches deep enough to cover a three-dimensional space. It exerts the same kind of thrust as the circular arch and must be buttressed along its entire…
Shotcrete is the application of concrete to any surface through mechanical means using pneumatic appliances. It avoids the use of formwork, and ensures faster work. Shotcrete reinforcement of masonry walls can increase life of walls but would require consideration of shotcrete velocity and shotcrete Shotcrete Can Renovate Structures Masonry walls exposed to the elements and…
Plastering Applying mortar coats on the surfaces of walls, columns, ceiling etc. to get smooth finish is termed as plastering. Mortar used for plastering may be lime mortar, cement mortar or lime-cement mortar. Lime mortar used shall have fat lime to sand ratio of 1 : 3 or 1 : 4. If hydraulic lime is used mix…
Energy conversion, the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans. Over the centuries a wide array of devices and systems has been developed for this purpose. Some of these energy converters are quite simple. The early windmills, for example, transformed the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy for pumping water and grinding grain. Other…
An abrupt and tremendous release of energy stored in the rocks and the earth’s crust through the action of tectonic process is described as an earth quake. Some areas on the planet earth are so located that more than one tectonic plate constantly change against one another and an earthquake can result when one or…
Introduction A highway intersection is required to control conflicting and merging streams of traffic so that delay is minimised. This is achieved through choice of geometric parameters that control and regulate the vehicle paths through the intersection. These determine priority so that all movements take place with safety. The three main types of junction dealt…