Paint removal is a technique that requires special skill to prevent damage to the surfaces…

Paints are used to ensure protection of the buildings from harmful weather effects, including rain,…

Autogenous healing is common in underground drainage pipes because of the presence of water on…

For carbon dioxide attack, carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a weak acid called…

Carbon dioxide and chloride present in the concrete are inert in the absence of the…

The chloride ion attacks the passive layer although in this case (unlike carbonation) there is…

Carbonation is the result of the interaction of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere with…

Abstract                                                                                    Steel gets oxidise (corrosion) in the present of oxygen and water. Even present of…

The corrosion of steel reinforcement inside a concrete structure is undesirable in the following ways:…

Varnish is the solution of resins or resinous substances like amber, copal, shellac, gum resin…