Carbon dioxide and chloride present in the concrete are inert in the absence of the…

The chloride ion attacks the passive layer although in this case (unlike carbonation) there is…

Carbonation is the result of the interaction of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere with…

Abstract                                                                                    Steel gets oxidise (corrosion) in the present of oxygen and water. Even present of…

The corrosion of steel reinforcement inside a concrete structure is undesirable in the following ways:…

Varnish is the solution of resins or resinous substances like amber, copal, shellac, gum resin…

Distempers are the cheaper variety of paints in which chalk is used as base and…

1. It should be possible to apply easily and freely. 2. It should dry in…

Paints are applied on the surfaces of timber, metals and plastered surfaces as a protective…

Cement is used widely for the construction of various structures. Some of them are listed…