In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium such as plastic film. However, today all practical ‘plotting ‘is computer based and there is now an abundance of computer plotting software available that will not only produce a contour plot but also supply three-dimensional views, digital ground models, earthwork…
Establishing control networks and their subsequent computation leads to an implied rectangular coordinate system over the area surveyed. The minor control points in particular can now be used to position topographic data and control the setting out of a construction design. The methods of topographic survey and dimensional control will most probably be: (a) by…
The establishment of two- or three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in the surveying of large or small areas of land. Control networks comprise a series of points or positions which are spatially located for the purpose of topographic surveying, for the control of supplementary points, or dimensional control on site. The process…
· It is a surveying method used to determine the level of points/objects with reference to the selected datum. · It is also used to set out engineering works. Uses of Levelling: · To determine the difference in levels of points/Objects · To obtain contour map of an area · To obtain cross section of roads, canals etc., · To determine…
Solution : Line PA lies in 1st quadrant. Quadrant Bearing of PA = N 35o 15’ E Solution : Line PB lies in 2nd quadrant. Quadrant Bearing bearing of PB = S 50o 00’ E Solution : Line PC lies in 3rd quadrant. Quadrant Bearing bearing of PC = S 30o 15’ W Solution : Line PD lies in…
· Whenever a number of base lines are to be run for obtaining the details as in traversing, just linear measurements made by chain surveying will not be sufficient. · The angles included between the adjacent lines should also be measured · Compass is one of the instruments used to measure the angles. Prismatic Compass: Description: · A magnetic…
· In chain surveying only linear distances on the field are measured. · These distances are used to define the boundary of field and mark simple details. Principle : It is to form a network of triangles by using the distances measured. Better accuracy will be obtained if the triangles thus formed are nearly equilateral in shape….
Spray gun, painting tool using compressed air from a nozzle to atomize a liquid into a controlled pattern. The spray nozzle operates by impinging high-velocity turbulent air on the surface of filaments or films of liquid, causing them to collapse to droplets with a wide range of sizes. spray The spray gun, developed originally from the airbrush, is…
Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh . Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II….
Drum, in architecture, any of the cylindrical stone blocks composing a column that is not a monolith. The term also denotes a circular or polygonal wall supporting a dome, cupola, or lantern (qq.v.). Cupola Cupola, in architecture, small dome, often resembling an overturned cup, placed on a circular, polygonal, or square base or on small pillars or a glassed-in lantern. It is used to crown a turret, roof, or…