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Measurement-Units
Weight Calculator Standard conversion factors INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE FOOT = 0.3048 METRE YARD =…
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METHODS OF CONTOURING
Contouring needs the determination of elevation of various points on the ground and at the…
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Mapping and Contouring
MAPPING After completing field work in chain survey and compass survey lot of office work…
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TOTAL STATION
It is combination of EDM instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor,…
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ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum…
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Measurement of Vertical Angle
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles…
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Use of Theodolite
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should be centered on…
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Parts of a Vernier Theodolite
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of…
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Modern Tools of Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and…
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TYPES OF DIRECT LEVELLING
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling…