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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
To get accurate results in surveying one should follow the following fundamental principles: (i) Work…
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PRIMARY DIVISIONS IN SURVEYING
The earth is an oblate spheroid, length of equatorial axis being 12756.75 km and polar…
Posted inSurveying
OBJECT AND USES OF SURVEYING
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative positions of various…
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Introduction to Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground…
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Measuring Principles
Although there are many EDM instruments available, there are basically only two methods of measurement…
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Field surveying
Introduction This chapter is designed to introduce you to the various surveying techniques used to…
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Distance Adjustment
To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary to adjust each…
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Distance measurement
Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured as a spatial…
Posted inSurveying
Bench mark (BM)
In order to make OD accessible to all users throughout the country, a series of…