Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the elevation of points…

The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor may be likened…

It should now be apparent that position fixing simply involves the measurement of angles and…

The system most commonly used for the definition of units of measurement, for example of…

In surveying nothing is ever absolutely certain. The product of surveying may be thought of…

In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium…

Establishing control networks and their subsequent computation leads to an implied rectangular coordinate system over…

The establishment of two- or three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in the…

·         It is a surveying method used to determine the level of points/objects with reference to…

Solution : Line PA lies in 1st quadrant. Quadrant Bearing of PA = N 35o…