Lead paint without cracks, fragmentation or deterioration is not likely to be considered hazardous for human health. However, if lead paint has been used in the homes then extra care is essential to avoid unnecessary exposure to lead dust. The door frames and stair railings may have lead paint. Basics Of Lead Paint Paint is a material…
Introduction This chapter is designed to introduce you to the various surveying techniques used to obtain the original field data on which such maps are based. An understanding of these surveying techniques not only provides us with some very useful field mapping tools but it also can give us further insight into the nature of…
An abrupt and tremendous release of energy stored in the rocks and the earth’s crust through the action of tectonic process is described as an earth quake. Some areas on the planet earth are so located that more than one tectonic plate constantly change against one another and an earthquake can result when one or…
Earthquake prone areas always exert great pressure on economy and social security. Safety is the most important aspect of bridge building for earthquake areas. Modern technology has now enabled engineers to build earthquake resistant bridges economically yet keeping the reliability factor intact. Bridges do not just connect two far-off places; they serve a greater purpose….
Wall, structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. In traditional masonry construction, walls supported the weight of floors and roofs, but modern steel and reinforced concrete frames, as well as heavy timber and other skeletal structures, require exterior walls only for shelter and sometimes dispense with them on the…
INTRODUCTION Radionuclides are elements (uranium 235, uranium 283, thorium 232, potassium 40, radium 226, carbon 14 etc) with unstable atomic nuclei and on decomposition release ionizing radiations in the form of alpha, beta and gamma rays. Out of the known 45O radioisotopes only some are of environmental concern like strontium 90, tritium, plutonium 239, argon…
Cast iron, an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. It is made by reducing iron ore in a blast furnace. The liquid iron is cast, or poured and hardened, into crude ingots called pigs, and the pigs are subsequently remelted along with scrap and alloying…
Pile foundations consist of piles that are dug into the soil till a layer of stable soil is reached. Pile foundations transfer building load to the bearing ground with greater bearing capacity. Pile foundations are useful in regions with unstable upper soil that may erode, or for large buildings. History of Pile Foundations Pile foundations have been…
Roman hypocausts were basically under floor heating devices used for central heating but more commonly for public baths. It mainly consisted of a raised floor below which fires were lit to heat the floor and the room above. Roman Baths and Hypocausts Roman Baths consisted of a number of rooms that were used by the…
Water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems…
