Underground tunnels are engineering marvels that connect cities, transport people and goods, and even house utilities. But how do engineers build tunnels beneath rivers, mountains, and urban landscapes without them collapsing? Let’s explore the fascinating science behind tunnel construction! 🚧🔬 1. Why Build Underground? 🌍🏗️ Tunnels offer unique advantages over surface roads and bridges: ✅…
Elevation measurements Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling. It may be defined as the art of determining the elevations of given points above or below a datum line or establishing given points of required heights above or below the datum line. OBJECT AND USES OF LEVELLING As stated…
Introduction Production of concrete requires meticulous care at every stage The ingredients of good and bad concrete are same but good rules are not Observed it may become bad Manufacturing of concrete includes the following stages 1. Batching 2. Mixing 3. Transporting 4. Placing 5. Compacting 6. Curing 7. Finishing Batching The measurement of materials…
Stress Distribution In Soil Displacements in soil occur from stresses applied by loading forces. The distribution of stress in soil should be known for realistic estimates of displacements caused by applied loads on the supporting soil. The following methods may be used to estimate the stress distribution of soil for an applied load Q at the center…
Many methods have been proposed for mitigating the harmful effects of strong earthquakes. The conventional approach requires that structure passively resist through a combination of strength, deformability and energy absorption. The level of damping in these structures is typically low. During earthquakes, these structures deform well beyond the elastic limit and remain intact due to…
Roof finishing accessories include all types of accessory materials that are used to finish a roof. Flashing, drip edge, and roof drains are all examples of roofing accessories. Roof finishing accessories are widely available for a range of applications and may be chosen for functional, aesthetic, or budgetary reasons. Roofing accessories are largely made from…
Wondering how to measure your roof to estimate required material for roof replacement? Here the process of measurement of the roof is described through easy steps. Introduction Taking the measurement of the roof is very important work before buying materials for re-roofing. You can save significant money and time by estimating the cost of required…
Tudorbethan architectural style is an amalgamation of Tudor, Elizabethan, and Jacobean styles. The advent of the Industrial Age and the impersonal mass production that came along with it led many designers and architects to seek a style that was more local and meaningful. The Tudorbethan style is a subset of Tutod Revival architecture. One of the reasons that people find…
Roads and highways, traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move. In modern usage the term road describes a rural, lesser traveled way, while the word street denotes an urban roadway. Highway refers to a major rural traveled way; more recently it has been used for a road, in either a rural or urban area, where points of entrance and…
The hydrostatic distribution of pore pressures is valid when the groundwater is at rest. When the groundwater is flowing through the soil the pressure distribution will not be hydrostatic, because then the equations of equilibrium (6.1) are no longer complete. The flow of groundwater through the pore space is accompanied by a friction force between…