INTRODUCTION Building a roadway is like building any other structure. You must begin with a firm foundation to end up with a quality job. Many structural problems associated with our roads can be traced back to an improper foundation. Overall performance of a pavement structure ultimately depends upon the proper construction of the following three…
Computer models are useful in structural analysis, but are no substitute for laboratory testing. An important facet of structural testing and design, field and laboratory evaluation of engineering materials provides invaluable design and forensic information for structural engineers. The Need For Structural Testing In this age of computer modeling and analysis one might begin to think that structural testing…
Compounds of cement cement compounds About 90-95% of a Portland cement is comprised of the four main cement minerals, which are C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, with the remainder consisting of calcium sulphate, alkali sulphates, unreacted (free) CaO, MgO, and other minor constituents left over from the clinkering and grinding steps. The four cement minerals play very different roles in…
Hide, the pelt taken from a cow, steer, or bull of the bovine species, from the pelt of a horse, or from the integument of some other large adult animal. The pelts of smaller animals are commonly called skins—namely, sheepskins, goatskins, calfskins, etc. For the preservation and tanning of hides . Tanning Tanning, chemical treatment of raw animal hide or…
Weight Calculator Standard conversion factors INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE FOOT = 0.3048 METRE YARD = 0.9144 METRE MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE CELSIUS MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH METRE = 3.2808FOOT METRE = 1.0936YARD 1) MILD STEEL (MS) SHEET WEIGHT (KGS) =…
Highway road project management is not an easy task. It is a demanding job that requires good communication skills, knowledge in geometric design, experience, working knowledge of AASHTO guidelines, dealing with local authorities, labor and material management. Highway Road Project Management Highway road project management can be defined as the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, and managing resources to…
The possibility of formwork reuse is determined by the type of formwork and the nature of construction. Reusing concrete formwork can reduce construction costs significantly if proper planning and handling is applied. Formworks are molds where concrete in its plastic form is poured so that it can be molded into the desired shape, size, position, and more importantly, its…
A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Projections of the ends of any line can be drawn using the principles developed for projections of points. Top views of the two end points of a line, when joined, give the top view of the line. Front views of the two end points of…
Gone are the days of the manual designing and drawing for the computer aided designing or CAD is the norm in the industry. Computer aided design (CAD) is one of the hottest fields in engineering fields like civil, architecture, mechanical, electrical and also in interior designing. Career as CAD Professional Computer aided design (CAD) is…
Canals and inland waterways, natural or artificial waterways used for navigation, crop irrigation, water supply, or drainage. Despite modern technological advances in air and ground transportation, inland waterways continue to fill a vital role and, in many areas, to grow substantially. This article traces the history of canal building from the earliest times to the present day and describes both…