This bond is weak in strength but it is economical Brick masonry is made up of brick units bonded together with mortar Components of brick masonry · Brick · Mortar Types of mortar · Cement mortar · Lime mortar · Cement-lime mortar · Lime surkhi mortar · Mud mortar Types of bricks · Traditional bricks · Modular bricks Traditional bricks It has not been…
A number of independent parameters, which define configuration of a system without deformation of its members is called the degree of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom for any structure may be calculated by the Chebushev’ formula where D, H, and S0 are the number of rigid discs, simple hinges, and constraints of supports, respectively….
Requirements Of Good Stairs A good stair should provide an easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the various floors of the building. General requirements of good stairs are as mentioned below. 1. LOCATION It should preferably be located centrally, ensuring sufficient light and ventilation. 2. WIDTH OF STAIR The width of stairs for public…
Geometric design of highways and roadways refers to road engineering design features, notably horizontal and vertical alignment. Its main purpose is to provide safe and smooth traffic operations. The geometric design of roadways and highways is heavily influenced by the speed of the vehicle. Geometric Design of Highways and Roadways Starting out, it’s best to…
One of the fundamental realities that have marked mankind’s existence on Earth is the urban reality. Throughout the ages, in all geographic regions, the fascination of the city has set in motion people, resources, ideas, generating forces of unforeseen intensity that have continuously modelled the planet’s surface. Invoked in lyrics, pinned in eternity – “I know:…
Weathering Of Rock Mass ‘Weathering is the process of alteration and breakdown of rock and soil materials at and near the Earth’s surface by chemical decomposition and physical disintegration’ Of particular note in this definition is that weathering is described as a process. It is not a method for describing the engineering properties of a rock mass. As…
The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers on September 11, 2001, was as sudden as it was dramatic; the complete destruction of such massive buildings shocked nearly everyone. Immediately afterward and even today, there is widespread speculation that the buildings were structurally deficient, that the steel columns melted, or that the fire suppression equipment failed…
Masonry Masonry, the art and craft of building and fabricating in stone, clay, brick, or concrete block. Construction of poured concrete, reinforced or unreinforced, is often also considered masonry. masonry The art of masonry originated when early man sought to supplement his valuable but rare natural caves with artificial caves made from piles of stone. Circular stone huts, partially…
All the ecosystems are interrelated by different mechanisms that affect the lives of plant, animal and human beings. The commonly known mechanisms are the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the oxygen cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the energy cycle. All the ecosystems are controlled by these cycles and their abiotic and biotic features are distinct….
Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface. They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh . Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged as a major long-span concrete structure after World War II….