The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments. The following three adjustments are required for the instrument whenever set over a new point before taking a reading: (i) Setting (ii) Levelling (iii) Focussing. Setting Tripod stand is set on the ground firmly so that its top is at…
· Raw materials used · Calcareous · Argillaceous Calcareous materials used are · Cement rock · Lime stone · Marl · Chalk · Marine shell Argillaceous materials used are · Clay · shale · slate · blast furnace slag Process manufacturing cement · Dry process · Wet process Dry process Lime stone and clay are ground to fine powder separately and are mixed together Water is added to make…
A construction project engineer helps to plan the work and its execution on a daily basis so that the overall objectives are met. He will use his engineering knowledge to interpret the drawings, specifications, and contract documents to those concerned that works are completed in time. Construction Projects Require Engineering and Managerial Inputs The process…
While municipalities are generally responsible for solid waste services, the private sector has long been involved in the municipal solid waste sector through outsourcing arrangements and informally through waste picking and sorting. Recent trends in involvement of the private sector in the municipal solid waste sector in developing countries are partly driven by more stringent…
Noise is unwanted sound. When noise exceeds the permissible level, it causes various problems for the listeners. Therefore, in the design and construction of buildings, this has to be taken into consideration, especially in case of public utility buildings. Sound isthe sensation caused in the ear by the vibration of the surrounding air or other medium….
Various bases are considered for the classification of timbers. The following are the important basis: (i) Mode of growth (ii) Modulus of elasticity (iii) Durability (iv) Grading (v) Availability. (i) Classification Based on Mode of Growth: On the basis of mode of growth trees are classified as (a) Exogeneous and (b) Endogeneous (a) Exogeneous Trees: These trees grow outward by…
The role of a surveyor is now extremely significant. A growing number of disciplines including mapping, navigation, and Global Positioning Systems concern the modern surveyor. Advanced surveying techniques are more accurate, faster, and reliable than traditional methods, with new technologies emergi What Is Surveying In the broadest sense, surveying is gathering information about a topic. With…
In the future, automobile makers will be required to produce new technologies that reduce automotive emissions while still satisfying the ever increasing performance demand of drivers. Active safety control systems such as Anti-lock Brake System (ABS), Electronic Braking force Distribution (EBD), Traction Control System (TCS) and Electronic Stability Program (ESP) need to improve their existing…
Water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle remains essentially constant, its distribution among the various processes is…
Stone masonry is a type of building masonry construction that uses stones and mortar. This construction technique is used for building foundations, floors, retaining walls, arches, walls and columns. The stones used for masonry construction are natural rocks. These natural rocks are cut and dressed into proper shape in order to use it in masonry…